1. periodontal ligament
Dr. Mazood Ahamad

2. Definition :
The periodontal ligament is the connective tissue that surrounds the root and connects it with the bone.
It is the soft richly vascular and cellular connective tissue which surround the tooth root and connects it to the inner wall of the alveolar bone.
Average space or width: 0.25 mm ( mm)
It is continuous with the connective tissue of the gingiva and communicates with the marrow spaces through vascular channels in the bone.

3. fibers They are divided into: A) The principal fibers.
B) The accessory fibers.
C) The oxytalan ( elastic ) fibers.

4. The principle fibers Collagen Type 1 – Principal fibers
The most important elements of the periodontal ligament are the principal fibers, are collagenous,
are arranged in bundles, and follow a wavy course when( longitudinal sections)
Terminal portions of the principal fibers that insert into cementum and bone are termed Sharpey's fibers
Collagen Type 1 – Principal fibers
Collagen type 3 – Reticular Fibers
Collagen Type 4 -

5. Collagen
Collagen is a protein composed of different amino acids, the most important are glycine, proline,hydroxylysine, and hydroxyproline.
Collagen biosynthesis occurs inside the fibroblasts to form tropocollagen molecules.
These aggregate into microfibrils
that are packed together to form fibrils
these fibrils associate to form fibers,
the fibers associate to form bundles

6. The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are arranged in six groups
1-Transseptal or interdental ligament.
2- Alveolar crest group.
3- Horizontal group.
4- Oblique group.
5-Apical group.
6- Interradicular group.

7. 1-Transseptal or interdental ligament-
Transseptal fibers extend interproximally over the alveolar bone crest and are embedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth
Reconstructed even after destruction of the alveolar bone
2- Alveolar crest group.
Alveolar crest fibers extend obliquely from the cementum just beneath the junctional epithelium to the alveolar crest.
The alveolar crest fibers prevent the extrusion of the tooth and resist lateral tooth movements.
3- Horizontal group.
Horizontal fibers extend at right angles to the long axis of the tooth from the cementum to the alveolar bone.
These fibers may be considered as belonging to the gingiva because they do not have osseous attachment. has occurred in periodontal disease

8. 4- Oblique group.
The largest group , extend from the cementum in a coronal direction obliquely to the bone
They bear the brunt of vertical masticatory stresses and transform them into tension on the alveolar bone.
5-Apical group.
Fibers radiate in a rather irregular fashion from the cementum to the bone at the apical region of the socket.
They do not occur on incompletely formed roots.
6- Interradicular group.
The Interradicular fibers fan out from the cementum to the tooth in the furcation areas of multirooted teeth.

9. CELLULAR ELEMENTS
Four types of cells have been identified in the periodontal ligament:
Connective tissue cells,
Epithelial rest cells,
Immune system cells, and
Cells associated with neurovascular elements.

10. Cellular elements Connective tissue cells Synthetic cells fibroblast
cementoblast
oseoblast
Resorptive cells
osteoclast
cementoclast
Epithelial cell rests
Defense cells
macrophages
Mast cells
eosinophils
Neurovascular elements

11. Epithelial cell rests of malassez
They represent the remnants of epithelial root sheath.
appear as either isolated clusters of cells or interlacing strands
most numerous in the apical and cervical areas.
Proliferate when stimulated

12. Ground Substance CEMENTICLES
It consists of two main components: GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS,such as hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans,and
GLYCOPROTEINS such as fibronectin and laminin.
It also has a high water content (70%).
CEMENTICLES
The periodontal ligament also may contain calcified
masses called cementicles,
Cementicles may develop from calcified epithelial rests;
Contains a large proportion of ground substance filling the spaces between fibers and cells. spicules of cementum or alveolar bone traumatically displaced into the periodontal ligamen

13. FUNCTIONS OF PDL Physical. Formative & Remodelling. Nutritional.
Sensory.

14. Physical Function.
l. Provision of a soft tissue "casing" to protect the vessels and nerves from injury by mechanical forces
2. Transmission of occlusal forces to the bone
3. Attachment of the teeth to the bone
4. Maintenance of the gingival tissues in their proper relationship to the teeth.
5. Resistance to the impact of occlusal forces (shock absorption)
SHOCK ABSORPTION – 3 THEORIES
Tensional Theory.
Viscoelastic Theory.
Thixotropic Gel Theory.

15. TENSIONAL THEORY Force is applied to crown
Principal fibers unfold and straightens
Transmits forces to bone
Elastic deformation of bony socket
Alveolar bone reaches its limit
Load is transmitted to basal bone

16. VISCOELASTIC THEORY Forces transmitted to tooth.
Controlled by fluid movement.
Forces transmitted to tooth.
Extracellular fluid - from foramina in cortical layer to marrow spaces
Fiber bundle absorb slack and tighten
Blood vessels stenosis
Passages of blood filtrates into tissues

17. THIXOTROPIC GEL THEORY
Behavior of Thixotropic Gel.
Physiologic response – changes in viscosity of biologic system.

18. FORMATIVE & REMODELLING
The pdl is constantly undergoing remodelling.
PDL cells participate in formation and resorption.
Rate of formation & differentiation of fibroblasts affects rate of collagen, cementum & bone.
Cementoblasts and osteoblasts are essential in building up cementum and bone.
NUTRITIONAL & SENSORY
The periodontal ligament supplies nutrients to the cementum, bone, and gingiva by way of the blood vessels and lymphatic drainage.
The periodontal ligament is capable of transmitting tactile, pressure, and pain sensations
The fibroblasts are responsible for the formation of new periodontal ligament fibers and dissolution of the old fibers, abundantly supplied with sensory nerve fibers

19. THANK YOU