1. Speaker Name – May 2009 1 What follows is a template talk for ATLAS collaborators interested in giving public lectures in association with the release of the film Angels & Demons in mid-May. Portions of the movie were filmed in the ATLAS cavern. It may be changed, added to, etc. as the speaker wishes. Additional images and film clips are available on the web site: http://atlas.ch/angels/

2. Speaker Name – May 2009 2 Sony is being very supportive of the lectures, and has generously provided us with the use of some materials from the film, but we need to respect the terms under which we are allowed to use the materials. In general, video and images are allowed to be used as is. That means that the images/video cannot be altered in any way. Please keep the trademark/copyright print, which is in small font. It is OK to talk about the science, but please remember it is a fictional film not a science journal, so there is no need to criticize the accuracy of the science in the film. It is not a documentary.

3. Speaker Name – May 2009 3 Antimatter in Film & in Science Speaker Name University or Lab May 2009 TM & © 2009 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Speaker Name – May 2009 4 As scientists who also love good fiction, we are very appreciative to see Angels and Demons bring exciting physics at CERN to the public’s attention. ATLAS.ch/angels and AngelsAndDemons.com and http://angelsanddemons.cern.ch/ TM & © 2009 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Speaker Name – May 2009 5 Antimatter in the story of In the Angels and Demons story, the bad guys go to a laboratory called “CERN”. They steal half a gram (0.02 ounces) of antimatter in a canister, which they then take to Rome to use as a bomb. A dollar weighs a gram. A feather weighs about ½ gram. TM & © 2009 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Speaker Name – May 2009 6 at the Large Hadron Collider CERN is indeed a real-life lab located in Geneva, Switzerland And portions were actually filmed in the ATLAS Experiment at the CERN laboratory.

7. Speaker Name – May 2009 7 The Large Hadron Collider is an accelerator located at CERN 100 meters underground Protons circulate in opposite directions and collide inside experimental areas 27 km around at the Large Hadron Collider

8. Speaker Name – May 2009 8 The ATLAS Experiment See animation (animation to be embedded later)‏

9. Speaker Name – May 2009 9 ATLAS Detector People Cut-away view

10. Speaker Name – May 2009 10 Antimatter Annihilates with Matter It is also true that when matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate. Their mass is converted to energy via Einstein’s equation E = mc 2

11. Speaker Name – May 2009 11 Antimatter is Half of Everything Produced in Collisions in ATLAS Half of the tracks shown are antiparticles

12. Speaker Name – May 2009 12 If We Could Accumulate It If we had some means to accumulate half a gram (0.02 ounces), and if we could put it in a container and if we could transport it safely to another site, it would indeed be a powerful bomb as in A dollar weighs a gram. A feather weighs about ½ gram. TM & © 2009 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. Speaker Name – May 2009 13 But it annihilates All the antimatter produced in ATLAS annihilates within a fraction of a second.

14. Speaker Name – May 2009 14 Tom Hanks Question When Tom Hanks visited ATLAS at CERN, he asked about what would keep his coffee cup warm.

15. Speaker Name – May 2009 15 Tom Hanks Question If all the antimatter being produced in the ATLAS Experiment were somehow put into his cup, it would raise the temperature about 1° C (2 F°) per hour. But of course it would cool by about 10° during that hour.

16. Speaker Name – May 2009 16 How Long to Get Half a Gram? If ATLAS could somehow accumulate all the antimatter it produced, It would take 10 million years to get ½ a gram of antimatter. Half a dollar bill weighs ½ gram.

17. Speaker Name – May 2009 17 The Universe by Contrast Produced Enormous Amounts of Antimatter In fact the produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Just like the ATLAS experiment!

18. Speaker Name – May 2009 18 Are We Lucky? The matter and antimatter in the Universe should have annihilated long ago leaving an unpleasant place where we could not exist. But by luck we do exist. What happened? Notice

19. Speaker Name – May 2009 19 10,000,000,00110,000,000,000 We are lucky because… Immediately after the Big Bang, the matter and antimatter… were not exactly equal MatterAntimatter Notice The Great Annihilation followed

20. Speaker Name – May 2009 20 1 us After the Great Annihilation MatterAntimatter All the antimatter, and all but a tiny part of the matter were gone… and that tiny part is us.

21. Speaker Name – May 2009 21 Why was there a Tiny Difference in Matter versus Antimatter? This is one of the great mysteries that will be studied at the almost 200 universities and labs participating in ATLAS

22. Speaker Name – May 2009 22 But what was the origin of that mass? What gives masses to fundamental particles such as quarks and electrons and why are they so different? Both Matter and Antimatter have Mass

23. Speaker Name – May 2009 23 The Higgs Boson Professor Peter Higgs proposed that all of space is permeated by a field, the Higgs field. Quantum theory says that all fields have particles associated with them, so… in this case…a Higgs Boson. The Higgs has already been discovered at the ATLAS Experiment, but it was Prof. Higgs, …not the Higgs Boson.

24. Speaker Name – May 2009 24 Higgs Boson To understand how the Higgs works, imagine that a room full of physicists chattering quietly is like space filled with the Higgs field...

25. Speaker Name – May 2009 25 Higgs Boson... this increases his resistance to movement, in other words, he acquires mass, just like a particle moving through the Higgs field... -- Prof. David Miller... a well-known scientist walks in, creating a disturbance as he moves across the room and attracting a cluster of admirers with each step...

26. Speaker Name – May 2009 26 How a Higgs boson event might look in ATLAS In this event, a cluster of particles was produced going downward, and a Higgs was produced going upward but decayed almost instantly. H  Z + Z Z  e − + e + Z   − +  +  −  + e − e + Simulated event

27. Speaker Name – May 2009 27 But there is More than just Matter and Antimatter Looking at our Universe we see much more than ordinary matter (or antimatter)‏ We call this extra stuff “dark matter” because we cannot see it. But what is it? Composition of the Universe Ordinary matter

28. Speaker Name – May 2009 28 Dark Matter Dark matter … Not dark matter … except that’s not really true

29. Speaker Name – May 2009 29 Much Evidence for its Existence In galaxies and galaxy clusters There is not enough visible mass in rotating spiral galaxies to hold them together Separation of dark matter and ordinary matter in the collision of two clusters of galaxies Photos courtesy of NASA

30. Speaker Name – May 2009 30 What is Dark Matter? We don’t know But we have ideas If the constituents of dark matter are new particles, the ATLAS Experiment should discover them and elucidate the mystery of dark matter.

31. Speaker Name – May 2009 31 Is Matter also in Other Dimensions? Are there extra dimensions of space that we cannot see? (Dali, The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory, 1954)‏

32. Speaker Name – May 2009 32 Extra Dimensions of Space

33. Speaker Name – May 2009 33 Are There Extra Dimensions? To understand why extra dimensions were proposed, consider: Which is weaker: Gravity or Electromagnetism? So gravity is extremely weak Why is gravity so weak? Which is more powerful: A small magnet or The entire massive Earth?

34. Speaker Name – May 2009 34 Why Is Gravity so Weak? electromagnetism gravity Electromagnetism is confined to our usual three dimensions of space Maybe Gravity sees the other dimensions of space. As the force is spread out, it is weakened.

35. Speaker Name – May 2009 35 Think about an acrobat and a flea on a tight rope. The acrobat can move forward and backward along the rope. But the flea can also move sideways around the rope. If the flea keeps walking to one side, it goes around the rope and winds up where it started. How can there be extra dimensions?

36. Speaker Name – May 2009 36 So the acrobat has one dimension, and the flea has two dimensions, but one of these dimensions is a small closed loop. The acrobat can only detect the one dimension of the rope, just as we can only see the world in three dimensions, even though it might well have more. This is impossible to visualize, precisely because we can only visualize things in three dimensions! How can there be extra dimensions?

37. Speaker Name – May 2009 37 The Unknown The ATLAS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider brings physics into new territory. Most exciting is the completely unknown: New processes and particles that would change our understanding of energy and matter, and even of space. We will learn about the basic forces that have shaped our Universe since the beginning of time and that will determine its fate. (Photo credit: Fifi Mandirac)‏

38. Speaker Name – May 2009 38 19 Who builds and operates ATLAS? 2500 scientists from almost 200 universities and labs in 37 countries

39. Speaker Name – May 2009 39 19 Who builds and operates ATLAS? 2500 scientists from almost 200 universities and labs in 37 countries

40. Speaker Name – May 2009 40 As scientists who also love good fiction, we are very appreciative to see Angels and Demons bring exciting physics at CERN to the public’s attention. We hope you will explore the science more and share our excitement as our experiment progresses. http://ATLAS.ch/ TM & © 2009 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

41. Speaker Name – May 2009 41 The End ATLAS.ch/angels and AngelsAndDemons.com And http://angelsanddemons.cern.ch/ l

42. Speaker Name – May 2009 42 Supplementary Slides In the question session, the question of black holes is a likely so three slides follow that address that subject.

43. Speaker Name – May 2009 43 Microscopic-Black Hole Event

44. Speaker Name – May 2009 44 Microscopic-Black Holes ? According to some theoretical models, tiny black holes could be produced in collisions at the LHC. They would then very quickly decay and be detected by experiments (the tinier the black hole, the faster it evaporates).

45. Speaker Name – May 2009 45 Are Microscopic-Black Holes Dangerous? Cosmic rays are continuously bombarding Earth's atmosphere with far more energy than protons will have at the LHC, so cosmic rays would produce everything LHC can produce. They have done so throughout the 4.5 billion years of the Earth's existence, and the Earth is still here! The LHC just lets us see these processes in the lab (though at a much lower energy than some cosmic rays). So there is no danger at all. LHC is absolutely safe.