1. Reading and Speaking Higher Education Press

2. Unit 6 Contracts Getting Things Ready 1 Things to Do 2 Things to Write 3 More Things to Do 4 Career Skill Description

3. Section 1 Getting Things Ready understand the format and key terms of a contract discuss the terms of a contract (price, order, size, delivery, payment) complete a contract In this unit, you will learn: next

4. Section 1 Getting Things Ready

5. Activity 2: Read the passage in Section 2 and complete the following paragraph. Section 1 Getting Things Ready This contract is made on December 12, 2008 between Johnson Company and the Guangdong Hua Hai Company. The Seller has 1 ______ to sell 220 sets copiers to the Buyer. The total FOB price is USD 510, 000. The 2 ______ is to commence within 30-40 days. The Buyer shall 3 _____ a 100% confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the Seller. The Seller or the Buyer shall not be responsible for non-delivery or breach of contract for any reason due to Force Majeure. In case of no settlement can be reached, the 4 ______ shall be submitted to arbitration. The 5 _________ shall take place in China and be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission of CCPIT. agreed shipment open disputesarbitration back

6. Section 2 Things to Do Things to Do Activity Two Listen and Write Read and Think Activity One Related Information back

7. Section 2 Things to Do Business Contract Business Contracts can be Contract, Agreement or Confirmation and they can be written or oral. Generally speaking, a formal written Contract consists of the following parts: 1. Title 2. Preamble 1) Date of signing 2) Signing parties 3) Place of signing 4) Recitals or WHEREAS clause Related Information:

8. Section 2 Things to Do 3. Body 1) Definition clause 2) Specific conditions 3) General conditions a. Duration b. Termination c. Force Majeure d. Assignment e. Arbitration f. Governing law g. Jurisdiction

9. Section 2 Things to Do h. Notice i. “Entire agreement” clause j. Amendment k. Others 4. Witness Clause 1) Concluding sentence 2) Signature 3) Seal back

10. stipulate abide by in accordance with submit arise from in favor of issue effect confirm Section Two Things to Do Activity One Listen and Write commence back

11. Section Two Things to Do Question 3 How to reduce risks if you are going to sign a business contract? Question 2 What do you think should be included in a contract? Question 1 Do you know any of the format and key terms of a contract? next

12. Read and Think Purchase Contract No: 20081212190 Date: December 12, 2008 This contract is made on December 12, 2008 in Guangzhou, between Johnson Company (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) and the Guangdong Hua Hai Company (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) whereby the Seller has agreed to sell and the Buyer has agreed to buy copiers (hereinafter referred to as contracted product). The quality, specifications, quantity of the contracted product have been confirmed by both Parties and this contract is signed with the following terms and conditions: w

13. Read and Think 1. Contracted Product: copiers 2. Quantity: 220 (two hundred and twenty) sets 3. Origin: Germany 4. Price: USD 510, 000 FOB 5. Shipment Shipment is to commence within 30-40 days from the date of receipt of letter of credit 6. Insurance To be effected by the Buyer. 7. Packing In new wooden cases, free of charge. w

14. Read and Think 8. Payment The Buyer shall open a 100% confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 5 calendar days from date of the agreement through the issuing bank. 9. Force Majeure The Seller or the Buyer shall not be responsible for non-delivery or breach of contract for any reason due to Force Majeure which may include war, strike, lockout, government import or export restriction, severe destruction by fire or blood or other natural factors beyond the control of human beings. 10. Arbitration All disputes or divergences arising from the execution of the contract shall be settled through friendly discussion between both Parties. In case of no settlement can be reached, w

15. Read and Think the disputes shall be submitted to arbitration. The arbitration shall take place in China and be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission of CCPIT. 11. Valid period The contract will automatically become null and void should the Buyer fail to open a letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 7 (seven) days after signing of this contract. This contract is made in duplicate; both Parties have read carefully and agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions stipulated therein. The contract is signed by both Parties. The Seller: Johnson Company The Buyer: Guangdong Hua Hai Company (358 words) translation back w

16. Read and Think Task 1 Test your problem-solving ability. What is CCPIT ? next CCPIT :China Council for the Promotion of International Trade 中国国际贸易促进委员会 Established in May 1952, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) comprises VIPS, enterprises and organizations representing the economic and trade sectors in China. It is the most important and the largest institution for the promotion of foreign trade in China. The aims of the CCPIT are to operate and promote foreign trade, to use foreign investment, to introduce advanced foreign technologies, to conduct activities of Sino-foreign economic and technological cooperation in various forms, to promote

17. Read and Think the development of economic and trade relations between China and other countries and regions around the world, and to promote the mutual understanding and friendship between China and peoples and economic and trade circles of all nations around the world, in line with law and government policies of the People's Republic of China. With the approval of the Chinese government, the CCPIT started to adopt a separate name: China Chamber of International Commerce (CCOIC) in 1988, which is used simultaneously with the CCPIT. The CCPIT admits new members from among enterprises in all parts of China and promotes trade through its functions of information consultation, exhibition, legal assistance, etc.

18. Read and Think Task 2 Tell whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for True and F for False. 1. The contracted products should be delivered within 30-40 days from the date of the Seller’s receiving of letter of credit. 2. The insurance of the contracted products is to be effected by the Seller. 3. The Buyer should pay for the packing of the contracted products. 4. The Seller shall not be responsible for non-delivery if the contracted products are severely destroyed by flood. 5. The contract will automatically become invalid should the Buyer fail to open a letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 7 days after signing of the contract. 6. Both the Buyer and the Seller have read carefully and agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions listed in the contract. T T F F T T next

19. Read and Think Task 3 Give brief answers to the following questions. 1. When and where is the contract signed? The contract is signed on December 12, 2008 in Guangzhou. 2. What is the origin of the contacted products? Germany. 3. What is the payment term? The Buyer shall open a 100% confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 5 calendar days from date of the agreement through the issuing bank. next

20. Read and Think 4. In case of no settlement can be reached, how should the Parties deal with the disputes? Both Parties should submit the disputes to arbitration. 5. Where should the arbitration be conducted? The arbitration shall take place in China and be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission of CCPIT. 6. Have you ever signed a contract? What is it? Open. next

21. Read and Think next Task 4 Match A with B 1- g 2-b 3-h 4-f 5-j 6-a 7-i 8-c 9-d 10-e

22. Read and Think Task 5 Fill in the blanks with the right words or phrases. Change the form where necessary. 1. According to the contract, the insurance of the contracted products should be _____________ by the seller. 2. John is going to ___________ business as a trader next month. 3. The country's economic difficulties ____________ the reduced value of its money. 4. _________________ the contract, the goods will be delivered on Dec. 26. confirm commence effect issue in favor of arise from submit in accordance with abide by stipulate effected commence arise from in accordance with

23. Read and Think 5. The note-____________ bank in China is the People’s Bank of China. 6. The terms and conditions of the contract are _____________ by both Parties. 7. The Buyer should open an irrevocable letter of credit ______________ the Seller within 7 days. 8. It was ________________ that the payment should be made within 5 days. 9. If disputes or divergences cannot be settled through friendly discussion between both Parties, they should be __________ to the law court. 10. Every citizen shall ______________ the laws. issuing confirmed in favor of stipulated submitted abide by back

24. Section 3 Things to Write Things to Write Activity Two: Applied Writing Contracts Complete the contract Activity One: Task-based Writing back

25. Section 3 Things to Write Activity One: Task-based Writing contracts Task 1 Study the following tips for writing. Task 2 Study the following language for writing. Task 3 Study the following model for witing. Task 4 write an contract back

26. Section 3 Things to Write When writing a contract, you should include the following: 1. Preamble ( 导言 ): title, contract number, date of signing, signing parties, place of signing, whereas clause and so on. 2. Body: contracted product, quality, quantity, packing, price, shipment, payment, insurance, inspection, claim, force majeure, arbitration, governing law and so on. 3. Witness: concluding sentence, signiture, seal and so on. back Task 1 Study the following tips for writing.

27. Section 3 Things to Write Words and phrases: hereinafter referred to as 以 下简称 whereby 鉴于 enter into force （合同）开 始生效 contracted product 合同货 物 FOB 离岸价 CIF 到岸价 duty ( 进出口货 ) 关税 handling charges 手续费，装 卸费，搬运费 letter of credit 信用证 sight draft 即期汇票 contracted obligations 合同义 务 force majeure 不可抗力 arbitration 仲裁 null and void 失效 in duplicate 一式两份 Task 2 Study the following language for writing.

28. Section 3 Things to Write Sentence patterns: hereinafter referred to as the Seller/Buyer The insurance is to be effected by the Buyer. The Seller should take care of the quality, quantity, packing, and shipping. The goods should be packed in new wooden cases, free of charge. The Seller or the Buyer shall not be responsible for non-delivery or breach of contract for any reason due to Force Majeure. In case of no settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted to arbitration. This contract is made in duplicate, both Parties have read carefully and agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions stipulated therein. back

29. Section 3 Things to Write Task 3 Study the following model for witing. ABC Company (hereafter referred to as Party A, represented by Mr. Jones) and Guangdong Import and Export Corporation (hereafter referred to as Party B, represented by Mr. Zhao Xiaoming) have entered into this contract after friendly negotiations between representatives of both Parties with the following terms and conditions: 1) The Seller will arrange and sell 320 sets of printing machines in the following two fiscal years; 2) The Seller should take care of the quality, quantity, packing, and shipping; 3) The Buyer should pay the Seller by irrevocable L/C and take care of the insurance;

30. Section 3 Things to Write back 4) Claim shall be made within 10 days of goods’ arrival; 5) Neither party shall break the contract without mutual agreement; 6) The present contract is written in English and each party shall keep one of them. 7) The present contract is valid for 2 years, after which it may be extended, amended or discontinued. 8) The contract shall enter into force immediately after signing by the representatives of both parties. The representative of Party A: Jones The representative of Party B: Zhao Xiaoming Dec. 12, 2008

31. As the 1) __________ of Party B, Party A agrees to 2) _____ HD-16 machines to Party B 3) _____________ US $ 10,000 each. The delivery procedure is that Party A shall 4) ____________ the HD-16machines within one month after Party B has made 5) ___________ according to the contract. The technical 6) _______ of delivery of HD-16 machines are 7) ______________ in both Parties’ previous contract. Section 3 Things to Write requestsupply at the price of deliver prepaymentterms stipulated

32. Section 3 Things to Write Contracted products: HD-16 machines Unit price: US $ 10,000. 00 8) ______________________: 300 sets Total amount: US $ 3 m The contracted payment date of each installment is 9) ______ from the date of 10) ___________ of this contract. back Quantity: 300 sets calculated signing

33. Section 4 More Things to Do More Things to Do Activity Two: Reading More Focus on Grammar Activity One: back

34. Task 1 Read the passage and fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the box below. Article ( 条款 ) Three The total amount of this contract 1______________ upon by both Parties is US $ 3 m which is the total FOB price of HD-16 machines, i.e. the total delivery price at Huangpu Port. The above 2________________ price does not include training expenses but includes the following expenses: 1. The total price of HD-16 machines under this contract ; Section 4 More Things to Do due agreed contracted enter into force obligation mentioned signing charge performance ensure go through stipulated agreed mentioned

35. Section 4 More Things to Do 2. Insurance premium ( 保险费 ) incurred between the construction period and the signing of acceptance certificate ( 验 收证明书 ); 3. All taxes, duties and handling charge in connection with the 3____________ of this contract within Party A’s country shall be borne ( 负担 ) by Party A; 4. Taxes, duties, transportation expenses, insurance premium, and handling 4_________ outside Party A’s country as well as all bank charges in connection with the performance of this contract shall be borne by Party B. performance charge

36. Section 4 More Things to Do Article Four In order to 5______________ continuous production and the performance of delivery procedures 6__________ in this contract, Party B agrees to undertake ( 履行 ) the 7____________ specified in the following terms. 1. The total amount of payment under this contract shall be settled ( 支付 ) in U.S. Dollars. The 8___________ time of payment and sum of each installment ( 分期付款 ) are as follows: 2. 20% of the total amount as prepayment, which amounts to ( 总计 ) US $ 600, 000 shall be paid within one month after 9____________ this contract, i.e. not later than May 20, 2008. ensure stipulatede obligation due signing

37. Section 4 More Things to Do 3. The first installment of 20% of the total amount, which amounts to US $ 600, 000 shall be paid within three months after signing this contract, i.e. not later than July 20, 2008. 4. The second installment of 20% of the total amount, which amounts to US $ 600, 000 shall be paid within five months after signing this contract, i.e. not later than September 20, 2008. 5. The last installment of 40% of the total amount, which amounts to US $ 1, 200, 000 shall be paid within two months after delivery of the 10____________ goods, i.e. not later than November 20, 2008. contracted next

38. Section 4 More Things to Do Task 2 Choose the answer that best completes each sentence. 1. The expense which is not included in the FOB price of the contracted goods is __________. A) the delivery price B) the insurance premium incurred between the construction period and the signing of acceptance certificate C) the training expenses D) taxes, duties, transportation expenses, insurance premium, and handling charge outside Party A’s country

39. Section 4 More Things to Do 2. 20% of the total amount as prepayment, which amounts to US $ 600, 000 shall be paid before __________. A) May 20, 2008 B) June 20, 2008 C) July 20, 2008 D) August 20, 2008

40. Section 4 More Things to Do 3. Before the last installment of the total amount is paid, Party B will have paid Party A ___________. A) US $ 600, 000 B) US $ 1, 200, 000 C) US $ 1, 800, 000 D) US $ 3, 000, 000

41. Section 4 More Things to Do 4. The word “incurred” in item 2, Article Three most probably means _________. A) happened B) caused C) lost D) damaged

42. Section 4 More Things to Do 5. From the passage we know that the contract is signed in __________. A) May B) July C) September D) April back

43. Read and Think Purchase Purchase Contract No: 20081212190 Date: December 12, 2008 This contract is made on December 12, 2008 in Guangzhou, between Johnson Company (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) and the Guangdong Hua Hai Company (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) whereby the Seller has agreed to sell and the Buyer has agreed to buy copiers (hereinafter referred to as contracted product). The quality, specifications, quantity of the contracted product have been confirmed by both Parties and this contract is signed with the following terms and conditions:contract hereinafter confirmed Parties back

44. Read and Think 1. Contracted Product: copiers 2. Quantity: 220 (two hundred and twenty) sets 3. Origin: Germany 4. Price: USD 510, 000 FOB 5. Shipment Shipment is to commence within 30-40 days from the date of receipt of letter of creditcommenceletter of credit 6. InsuranceInsurance To be effected by the Buyer.effected 7. Packing In new wooden cases, free of charge.free of charge. back

45. Read and Think 8. Payment The Buyer shall open a 100% confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 5 calendar days from date of the agreement through the issuing bank.irrevocablein favor of issuing 9. Force MajeureForce Majeure The Seller or the Buyer shall not be responsible for non- delivery or breach of contract for any reason due to Force Majeure which may include war, strike, lockout, government import or export restriction, severe destruction by fire or blood or other natural factors beyond the control of human beings.breachlockoutrestriction 10. ArbitrationArbitration All disputes or divergences arising from the execution of the contract shall be settled through friendly discussion between both Parties. In case of no settlement can be reached,disputesdivergencearising from settlement back

46. Read and Think the disputes shall be submitted to arbitration. The arbitration shall take place in China and be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission of CCPIT.submitted conducted 11. Valid periodValid The contract will automatically become null and void should the Buyer fail to open a letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 7 (seven) days after signing of this contract.automaticallynull and void This contract is made in duplicate; both Parties have read carefully and agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions stipulated therein. The contract is signed by both Parties.in duplicateabide by stipulatedtherein The Seller: Johnson Company The Buyer: Guangdong Hua Hai Company back

47. Language Study purchase ： n. formal the act of buying something 买， 购买 For example ： Please fill in the date of purchase. 请填上购买日期。 What a good purchase! 买得真便宜！ back

48. Language Study contract ： n. a formal written agreement between two or more people, which says what each person must do for the other 合同；契约 For example ： Please read the contract carefully before you sign it. 签 署合同之前请仔细阅读。 We have made a contract with Johnson Company. 我 们已与约翰逊公司签署了合约。 back

49. Language Study hereinafter: ad. law later in this official statement, document etc 以下, 在下文中 For example ： Johnson Company, hereinafter referred to as the Seller … 约翰逊公司（以下简称卖方） …… Miss Jones, hereinafter referred to as “the insurer” … 琼斯小姐（以下简称投保人） …… back

50. Language Study confirm ： vt. to say that something is definitely true 确 认；认可 For example ： The quality, specifications, quantity of the contracted product have been confirmed by both Parties. 合同货 物的质量、性能、数量经双方确认。 I’m calling to confirm the date of the shipment. 我打 电话确认一下装运日期。 back

51. Language Study party: n. one of the people or groups involved in an argument, agreement etc （合同、诉讼等的）一方, 当事人 For example ： The contract is signed by both parities. 双方签署合约。 According to the contract, Party A shall be responsible for the loss. 根据合约，甲方应为损失负责。 back

52. Language Study commence: vt. & vi. formal to begin or start something 开始，着手 For example ： Shipment is to commence within 30 - 40 days from the date of receipt of letter of credit. 装船应于收到信用 证后 30 至 40 天内予以办理。 You may commence reading, Mary. 玛丽，你可以开 始阅读了。 back

53. Language Study letter of credit ： an official letter from a bank allowing a particular person to take money from another bank 信用证 For example ： The Buyer shall open a 100% confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 5 calendar days. 买方应在 5 天（公历日）内开出以卖方为受益人， 保兑的总金额 100 ％的、不可撤消的信用证。 The buyer shall pay for the goods in letter of credit. 买 方应用信用证支付货款。 back

54. Language Study insurance: n. the money that you pay regularly to an insurance company 保险费，保险 For example ： The insurance is to be done by the Buyer. 保险费由买 方承担。 Do you have insurance on your car? 你的车有没有投 保？ back

55. Language Study effect: vt. formal to make something happen 实现, 使 生效，引起 For example ： The insurance of the goods shall be effected by the Buyer. 货物的保险由买方办理 The temperature often effects a change of the state of matter. 温度常常引起物态的变化。 back

56. Language Study free of charge: at no cost 免费 For example ： The goods shall be packed in new wooden cases, free of charge. 货物应用新木箱免费装箱。 Your order will be delivered free of charge in 7 days. 您的订单将于 7 天后免费发货。 back

57. Language Study issue: vt. to officially produce something and make them available for people to buy 出版，发行 For example ： The buyer’s letter of credit is issued by Bank of China. 买方的信用证是由中国银行开具的。 RMB is issued by the People’s Bank of China. 人民币 是由中国人民银行发行的。 back

58. Language Study irrevocable: a. that cannot be changed or stopped 不可 撤销的 For example ： The Buyer shall open a 100% confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the Seller. 买方应开出以 卖方为受益人，保兑的总金额 100 ％的、不可撤消 的信用证。 Her life was set on an irrevocable course. 她的生活道 路不可逆转。 back

59. Language Study engage in: to take part in or be occupied in sth. 参加 ; 从事 For example: We engage in both export and import business. 我们进 出口业务都做。 They also engage in various kinds of sideline production. 他们也从事各种副业生产。 back

60. Language Study in favor of: made out to the benefit of （支票等）以 … 为受款人 For example ： The letter of credit shall be issued in favor of the Seller. 应当以卖方为受益人开具信用证。 He drew a check in favor of John. 他开了一张以约翰 为受款人的支票。 back

61. Language Study force majeure: n. 不可抗力 For example: The Seller or the Buyer shall not be responsible for non- delivery or breach of contract for any reason due to Force Majeure. 卖方或买方均不能承担由于不可抗力的任何原因 所造成的无法交货或违约。 Force Majeure may include war, strike, lockout, government import or export restriction, severe destruction by fire or blood or other natural factors beyond the control of human beings. 不可抗力可能包括战争、罢工、封锁、政府对进出口的限 制、火灾或水灾或人类所不能控制的自然因素所造成的严 重破坏。 back

62. Language Study breach: n. an action that breaks a law, rule, or agreement between people, groups, or countries 破坏， 违反 For example: Which party should be responsible for the breach of the contract? 哪一方应当承担违反合约的责任？ Party A shall not be responsible for the breach of the contract. 甲方不应当承担违反合约的责任。 back

63. Language Study lockout: n. a period of time when a company does not allow workers to go back to work until they accept its working conditions 停工 ( 业主为抵制工人的要求而 停工 ) For example: Force Majeure may include war, strike, lockout and so on. 不可抗力可能包括战争、罢工、封锁等等。 back

64. Language Study restriction: n. a rule or system that limits or controls what you can do or what is allowed to happen 管制， 限定 For example: The government placed restrictions on the export of the oil. 政府对石油的出口实行了限制。 When you drive on a highway, we should obey the speed restrictions. 在公路上驾驶时，我们应当遵守 限速规定。 back

65. Language Study arbitration: n. the process of judging officially how an argument should be settled 仲裁，公断 For example: In case of no settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted to arbitration. 如经协商不能解决 时，则提交仲裁解决。 The arbitration shall take place in Party A’s country. 仲裁应在甲方所在国进行。 back

66. Language Study dispute: n. a situation in which two countries or groups of people quarrel or disagree with each other 争端， 争论 For example: How shall the disputes be settled? 争端应当如何解决？ There is a border dispute between the two countries. 这两个国家存在边界争端。 back

67. Language Study divergence: n. a difference between two or more things such as opinions or interests 分歧 For example: All disputes or divergences of the contract shall be settled through friendly discussion between both Parties. 合同所发生 的一切纠纷分歧，双方应通过友好协商的方法解决。 The divergence between the two countries is partly because of a lack of mutual understanding. 这两个国家之间的的分歧部分是由于缺乏了解造成的。 back

68. Language Study arise from ： to be caused or started by （由 … ）引起， （由 … ）产生 For example: Any disputes arising from the execution of the contract shall be settled through friendly discussion between both Parties. 任何由于执行合同所发生的纠纷，双 方应通过友好协商的方法解决。 Accidents can arise from carelessness. 粗心大意会造 成事故。 back

69. Language Study settlement: n. an official agreement or decision that ends an argument between two sides 解决，和解 For example: In case of no settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted to arbitration. 如争端经协商不能 解决时，则提交仲裁解决。 Finally they reached a settlement in the trade war. 他 们最终在这场贸易大战中达成了和解。 back

70. Language Study submit: vt. to give a plan, piece of writting etc to someone in authority for them to consider or approve 提交，呈递 For example: He decided to submit the case to the court. 他决定向 法院起诉。 Your application should be submitted by Friday. 你应 当不迟于周五递交申请。 back

71. Language Study conduct: v. to carry out a particular process, especially in order to get information or prove facts 控制，管理 For example: The arbitration shall take place in China and be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission. 仲裁地点在中国，由对外 经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁。 The company conducted a survey about the diet habits of the local people. 公司对当地人们的饮食习惯进 行了一次调查。 back

72. Language Study valid: a. that can be used legally or is officially acceptable 有效的，有法律效力的 For example: The contract is not valid until both parties sign it. 合同 经双方一签署即生效。 Your train ticket is valid for 3 days. 你的火车票 3 天内 到有效。 back

73. Language Study automatically: ad. in a way independent of external influence or control 自动地 For example: The contract will automatically become invalid should the Buyer fail to open a letter of credit in favor of the Seller within 7 days. 如 7 天内买方不能开出以卖方 为受益人的信用证，本合同将自动失效。 As a student you are automatically entitled to a membership. 作为学生，你将自动获得会员资格。 back

74. Language Study null and void ： a. having no legal effect （法律上）无 效的 For example: The contract was declared null and void. 合同被宣布 无效。 Because Party A failed to open a letter of credit on time, Party B declared the contract null and void. 鉴 于甲方没能按时开出信用证，乙方宣布合同失效。 back

75. Language Study in duplicate: if something is written in duplicate, there are two copies of it 一式两份 For example: This contract is made in duplicate and each Party shall keep one of them. 本合同正本两份，双方各执一份。 The contract is written in both English and Chinese in duplicate. 本合同由中英文书就，正本两份。 back

76. Language Study abide by... : to accept and obey a decision, rule, agreement etc, even though you may not agree with it 遵守 ( 法律、契约、诺言等 ) ；信守 ( 原则、诺言等 ) For example: Both Parties have read the contract carefully and agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions. 本合 同经双方仔细审阅并遵守其全部条款。 In a football match, you have to abide by the referee’s decision. 在足球比赛中，你必须遵守裁判的判罚。 back

77. Language Study stipulate: vt. to say that something must be done, when you are making an agreement or offer 规定，讲明 ( 条 件等 ) For example: Both Parties have agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions stipulated in the contract. 双方同意遵守 合同中所规定的全部条款。 You should clearly stipulate payment in advance. 你应 当提前讲好报酬。 back

78. Language Study therein: ad. in that place, or in that piece of writing 在 那里，在那方面 For example: The two parties have agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions stipulated therein. 双方遵守其中规定 的全部条款。 Mary is the person therein mentioned. 玛丽就是其中 所讲到的人。 back

79. Translation 购货合同 合同号： 20081212190 日 期： 2008 年 12 月 12 日 2008 年 12 月 12 日，约翰逊公司（以下简称卖方）和广东华海 公司（以下简称买方），鉴于卖方同意出售，买方同意购买 复印机（以下简称合同货物）。合同货物的质量、性能、数 量经双方确认，并签署本合同，条款如下： 合同货物：复印机 数量： 220 台 原产地：德国 价格： USD 510, 000FOB （离岸价 51 万美元） 装船 装船应于收到信用证后 30 至 40 天内予以办理。 保险 由买方办理

80. Translation 包装 用新木箱免费装箱 付款条件 签署合同后 5 天（公历日）内买方通过开证行开出以卖方为 受益人，保兑的总金额 100 ％的、不可撤消的信用证。 不可抗力 卖方或买方均不能承担由于不可抗力的任何原因所造成的无 法交货或违约，不可抗力的任何原因包括战争、罢工、封锁、 政府对进出口的限制、火灾或水灾或人类所不能控制的自然 因素所造成的严重破坏。 仲裁

81. Translation 因执行本合同所发生的一切纠纷分歧，双方应通过友好协商 解决。如经协商不能解决时，则提交仲裁解决。仲裁地点在 中国，由中国国际贸易促进委员会对外经济贸易仲裁委员会 仲裁。 11. 有效期限 本合同签字后，在 7 天内买方不能开出以卖方为受益人的 信用证，本合同将自动失效。 本合同一式两份，经双方仔细审阅并遵守其规定的全部条 款，双方签字。 卖方：约翰逊公司 买方：广东华海公司 2008 年 12 月 12 日 back

82. Focus on Grammar next 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 ( 一 ) 大多数形容词和副词有比较级和最高级的变化， 用来表示事物的等级差别。比较级和最高级有规则变 化和不规则变化两种。 一、形容词和副词比较级的构成 1 、规则变化形式：

83. Focus on Grammar 构 成 法构 成 法原 级原 级比 较 级比 较 级 ① 一般单音节词末尾加 -er strong, weak, hard stronger, weaker, harder ② 以不发音的 -e 结尾的单音节词和少数 以 -le 结尾的双音节词，只加 -r strange, simple, late stranger, simpler, later ③ 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅 音字母，双写该辅音字母，再加 -er sad, big, hotsadder, bigger, hotter ④ 以 “ 辅音字母 +y” 结尾的双音节词，该 -y 为 -i ，再加 -er angry, earlyangrier, earlier ⑤ 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加 单词 more different, favorably more different, more favorably

84. Focus on Grammar

85. Task 1Study the following English sentences and translate the Chinese sentences into English. 1. Prevention is better than cure. 我方的产品比市面上大部分的同类产品都要质量好。 Our products are of better quality than most of the same products on the market. 2. There are fewer boys than girls in our class. 由于环境污染，现在的鸟类比以前少多了。 There are fewer birds nowadays than in the past because of the environmental pollution. next

86. Focus on Grammar 3. How much bigger is it than West Lake? 南极洲 (the Antarctic) 的冰山 (iceberg) 正在以比 10 年前更快 的速度在融化。 The icebergs of the Antarctic are melting quicker than 10 years ago. 4. When he heard this, he became even angrier. 在城市里拥有一套房子不是一件容易的事。在某些大城市 里甚至更难。 It is not easy to own a house in cities. It’s even more difficult in some big cities. next

87. Focus on Grammar 5. Her performance was more successful than we had expected. 在经济萧条 (financial depression) 时期，人们发现找一份好 工作越来越难了。 People find it more and more difficult to find a good job in the time of financial depression. 6. This paper was better organized than that one. 如果你想找一份合适的工作，你应当准备得更充分些。 You should be better prepared if you want to find a suitable job.

88. Focus on Grammar Task 2 Correct the errors in the following sentences. 1). The experiment was many easier than we had expected. 2) ---- Are you feeling any well? ---- Yes, I'm fine now. 3 ） If there were no examinations, we should have a more happier time at school. many---much well---better more---much (or delete more)

89. Focus on Grammar 4) Mary is the older of the two sisters. 5) I have nothing farther to say. 6) She listened more attentive in class than the other students. back older---elder farther---further attentive--- attentively

90. Reading and Speaking Higher Education Press