1. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE VOL 173 2006 R2 이윤정 Richard A. Belkin, Noreen R. Henig, Lianne G. Singer, Cecilia Chaparro, Ronald C. Rubenstein, Sharon X. Xie, Justin Y. Yee, Robert M. Kotloff, David A. Lipson, and Greta R. Bunin Risk Factors for Death of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Awaiting Lung Transplantation

2. Lung transplantation is offered to patients with advanced CF(Cystic fibrosis ) lung disease as a potential life-extending and life- improving treatment Commonly used guidelines for referring a patient for lung transplant 1992 from the University of Toronto (1) FEV1 less than 30% predicted or rapidly progressive respiratory deterioration with an FEV1 greater than 30% predicted (2) PaCO2 greater than 50 mm Hg (3) PaO2 less than 55 mm Hg on room air (4) female sex and age less than 18 yr with FEV1 greater than 30% predicted, and deteriorating rapidly. Introduction

3. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE VOL 166 2002 Nicole Mayer-Hamblett, Margaret Rosenfeld, Julia Emerson, Christopher H. Goss, and Moira L. Aitken misclassification bias present (e.g., lackof validated diagnostic criteria for risk factors such as CF-related diabetes mellitus). low positive predictive values.

4. Aim  Identify other important risk factors for death specifically in patients with CF awaiting lung transplantation. Introduction

5. 10-yr retrospective, multicenter study was done to identify predictors in a population “selected” by their physicians. 343 adult and pediatric patients with CF listed for lung, heart– lung, or heart–lung–liver transplantation from January 1990 to December 2002. --- University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (Philadelphia, PA) -- Stanford University Medical Center (Stanford, CA) -- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, PA) -- Toronto General Hospital (Toronto, ON, Canada) and the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto (Toronto, ON, Canada) Methods

6. Results

7. TABLE 1. CLINICAL RISK FACTORS POTENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RISK OF DEATH AMONG PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

8. TABLE 2. PROFILE OF PATIENTS AT TIME OF REFERRAL FOR TRANSPLANTATION

9. TABLE 3. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS

10. Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier survival plot of the proportion of patients with cystic fibrosis awaiting lung transplantation, Solid line, FEV1 >30% predicted; dashed line, FEV1 < 30% predicted.

11. TABLE 4. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS Results of multivariate analyses are shown. Hazard ratios of FEV1 30% predicted and PaCO2 50 mm Hg alone are not reported because of the significant interaction between the two. The number of patients in each subgroup is listed. Of the 343 patients included in the study, 230 were entered into the final Cox proportional hazards model because of missing data.

12. TABLE 5. COMPARISON OF MARKERS OF SEVERE DISEASE IN PATIENTS REFERRED FROM ACCREDITED CYSTIC FIBROSIS CENTERS AND PATIENTS NOT REFERRED FROM ACCREDITED CYSTIC FIBROSIS CENTERS A comparison of some markers of more severe disease in patients referred from an accredited CF center versus those patients not referred from an accredited CF center. Categoric variables are summarized as frequencies, and comparisons were performed by 2 or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables are summarized as means SD and 95% confidence intervals. Comparisons were performed by two-tailed t test if the data were normally distributed or by Wilcoxon rank-sum test if the data were not normally distributed.

13. CF with end-stage lung disease is of paramount importance to minimize mortality on the transplant waiting list and to maximize the survival benefit after transplantation. –An FEV1 of less than 30% predicted has been the guidepost for referral for lung transplantation –Hypercapnia was one of the main factors –Referral from an accredited CF center to one of the transplant centers included in this study was associated with a lower risk of death –Nutritional intervention, higher risk of death while awaiting lung transplantation –Listing during or after 1996 reducing the risk of death. Discussion

14. Conclusion Risk factors for waiting list mortality that could impact on transplant listing and allocation guidelines. The system has changed and now allocation of lungs is based on severity of disease (priority-based system) rather than waiting time