1.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 1 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual Basic

2.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 The chief merit of language is clearness. — Galen High thoughts must have high language. — Aristophanes Our life is frittered away with detail.... Simplify, simplify. — Henry David Thoreau My object all sublime I shall achieve in time. — W. S. Gilbert Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all. — John F. Kennedy

3.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 OBJECTIVES In this chapter you will learn:  Basic hardware and software concepts.  The different types of programming languages.  Which programming languages are most widely used.  The history of the Visual Basic programming language.  Some basics of object technology.  The history of the UML—the industry-standard object oriented system modeling language.  The history of the Internet and the World Wide Web.  The motivation behind and an overview of Microsoft’s.NET initiative, which involves the Internet in developing and using software systems.  To test-drive a Visual Basic 2005 application that enables you to draw on the screen.

4.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 1.1Introduction 1.2What Is a Computer? 1.3Computer Organization 1.4Early Operating Systems 1.5Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing 1.6Hardware Trends 1.7Microsoft’s Windows ® Operating System 1.8Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 1.9Visual Basic 1.10C, C++, Java and Visual C# 1.11 Other High-Level Languages 1.12The Internet and the World Wide Web

5.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 1.13Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.14 Microsoft’s.NET 1.15 The.NET Framework and the Common Language Runtime 1.16 Test-Driving a Visual Basic Application 1.17 (Only Required Section of the Case Study) Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 1.18 Wrap-Up 1.19 Web Resources

6.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 1.1 Introduction Visual Basic 2005 How to Program, Third Edition – Associated with the abbreviation VB – Appropriate for people with no programming experience or experienced programmers – Object-Oriented programming – Event driven programming

7.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 1.2 What Is a Computer? Computer – Performs computations and makes logical decisions – Billions times faster than human beings Computer Programs – Sets of instructions for which computer processes data Hardware – Physical devices of computer system (Ex: Hard Drive) Computer – Programs that run on computers (Ex: Games)

8.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 1.3 Computer Organization Six logical units of computer system – Input unit Mouse, keyboard – Output unit Printer, monitor, audio speakers – Memory unit Retains input and processed information – Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) Performs calculations – Central processing unit (CPU) Supervises operation of other devices – Secondary storage unit Hard drives, floppy drives

9.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 1.4 Early Operating Systems Batch processing – One job (task) at a time – Operating systems developed Programs to make computers more convenient to use Switch jobs easier Multiprogramming – Simultaneous” jobs – Timesharing operating systems

10.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 1.5 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing Personal computing – Computers for personal use Distributed computing – Computing performed among several computers Client/server computing – Servers offer common store of programs and data – Clients access programs and data from server – Local Area Networks (LAN)

11.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 1.6 Hardware Trends Gordon Moore – Co-founder of Intel – Moore’s Law: The costs of hardware exponentially decreases.

12.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 1.7 Microsoft’s Windows Operation System Microsoft – Dominant software company – Windows operating system A graphical user interface (GUI) built on top of DOS – Most widely used operating system Linux – Operating system based on Unix – Open source Source code freely available to users – Biggest competitor to Windows

13.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 1.8 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages Machine language – “Natural language” of computer component – Machine dependent Assembly language – English-like abbreviations represent computer operations – Translator programs convert to machine language High-level language – Allows for writing more “English-like” instructions Contains commonly used mathematical operations – Compiler converts to machine language Interpreter – Execute high-level language programs without compilation

14.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Fig. 1.1 | Comparing machine, assembly and high-level languages.

15.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 1.9 Visual Basic Evolved from BASIC – Primary purpose was to familiarize novices with programming technique Microsoft introduced with GUI Distinctly different language Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – Write, run, test and debug programs conveniently.NET platform – Web-based applications can be distributed to a variety of devices – Different languages can interact

16.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 1.10 C, C++, Java and Visual C# C – Development language of Unix – Hardware-independent languages; portable to most computers C++ – Evolved from C – Object-Oriented programming (OOP) Objects: reusable software components

17.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 1.10 C, C++, Java and Visual C# (Cont.) Java – C++ based language – Sun Microsystems – Dynamic content (ex: animations) to Web pages – Object-Oriented programming (OOP) Visual C# – Roots from C, C++, and Java – Powerful class library (FCL)

18.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 1.11 Other High-Level Languages FORTRAN – FORmula TRANslator – Complex mathematical computations COBOL – COmmon Business Oriented Language – Commercial application that require precise and efficient manipulation of large amounts of data Pascal – Structured programming Ada – Multitasking: Allow many activities to occur in parallel

19.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 1.12 Internet and the World Wide Web Internet – Developed more than four decades ago with DOD funding – Originally for connecting few main computer systems – Now accessible by hundreds of millions of computers World Wide Web (WWW) – Allows for locating/viewing multimedia-based documents – W3C Devoted to developing nonproprietary, interoperable technologies

20.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 1.13 Extensible Markup Language (XML) XML – Resulted from HTML’s limitations – Data independence Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) – Technology for transmissions of objects over the internet

21.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 1.14 Microsoft’s.NET Independence from specific language or platform Reusable application software components that can be used over the Internet.NET Strategy: Allow programmers and companies to concentrate on their specialties without having to implement every component of every application

22.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 1.15 The.NET Framework and the Common Language Runtime.NET Framework is the heart of the.NET strategy Common Language Infrastructure (CLI): Information about storage of data types Common Language Runtime (CLR): Programs compiled into machine specific language Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) plays a crucial role for language interoperability Just-In-Time Compiler (JIT): Translates MSIL into machine-language code when application executes

23.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Fig. 1.2 |.NET languages.

24.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 1.16 Test-Driving a Visual Basic Application Test-Driving the Drawing Application – Checking your setup – Locating the application directory – Running the Drawing application (Fig. 1.3) – Changing the brush color (Fig. 1.4) – Changing the brush size (Fig. 1.5) – Finishing the drawing (Fig. 1.6) – Closing the application

25.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Fig. 1.3 | Visual Basic Drawing application.

26.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Fig. 1.4 | Drawing with a new brush color.

27.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Fig. 1.5 | Drawing with a new brush size.

28.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Fig. 1.6 | Finishing the drawing.

29.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 1.17 Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML Object orientation Unified Modeling Language (UML) – Graphical language that uses common notation – Allows developers to represent object-oriented designs

30.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 1.17 Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML (continued) Objects – Reusable software components that model real-world items – Look all around you People, animals, plants, cars, etc. – Attributes Size, shape, color, weight, etc. – Behaviors Babies cry, crawl, sleep, etc.

31.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 1.17 Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML (continued) Object-oriented design (OOD) – Models real-world objects – Models communication among objects – Encapsulates attributes and operations (behaviors) Information hiding Communication through well-defined interfaces – Inheritance Object-oriented language – Programming in object-oriented languages is called object- oriented programming (OOP) – Visual Basic, C#, Java, C++

32.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 1.17 Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML (continued) Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) – Essential for large programs – Analyze program requirements, then develop solution UML – Unified Modeling Language Pseudocode – Informal text-based means of expressing program logic

33.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 1.17 Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML (continued) History of the UML – Need developed for process with which to approach OOA/D – Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson – Object Management Group (OMG) supervised – Version 2 is current version UML – Graphical representation scheme – Enables developers to model object-oriented systems – Flexible and extensible

34.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Fig. 1.7 | Examples of Visual Basic applications found in this book.

35.  2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Software Engineering Observation 1.1 Reuse of existing classes when building new classes and programs saves time, money and effort. Reuse also helps programmers build more reliable and effective systems, because existing classes and components often have gone through extensive testing, debugging and performance tuning.