1. HIV/AIDS and Human Rights: Exploring the Connections

2. Introduction “AIDS doesn’t discriminate” – or does it? Common public health messages underscore individual behaviour change: “its not who you are that puts you at risk but what you do …” They miss the point: social inequalities powerfully sculpt both the distribution of HIV as well as the health outcomes of those affected. Inequality itself has become a pathogenic force at the heart of which is gender inequality, poverty and racism

3. Understanding the connections: HIV/AIDS, stigma, discrimination, racism, sexism, poverty and social inequality

4. Health and Human rights: historically distinct entities Public Health Human rights Promote collective physical, mental, social well-being Relationships between State and individuals who hold human rights because they are human Sacrifice individual freedoms for the common good Emphasis on individual civil and political rights

5. Health and rights inextricably linked Consider the example of the right of non- discrimination and the impact that the violation of this right may have on health: Discrimination increases vulnerability to infection: Women and other vulnerable groups are particularly at risk of infection – largely because of unequal status in society – unequal capacity to access information, to reduce risks and access prevention and care services Discrimination reduces likelihood of people accessing counselling, testing and treatment. Discrimination also negatively impacts on health outcomes

6. Lack of respect for human rights can shape vulnerability to ill health; on the flip side the promotion and protection of human rights can favourably impact on health The protection and promotion of all human rights is thus necessary to: Reduce vulnerability to HIV Lessen the adverse impact of HIV on those affected

7. Women at particular risk Gender inequalities render women particularly vulnerable Individual choices regarding behaviour that reduces vulnerability to HIV are limited by racism, sexism, political violence and poverty

8. HIV/AIDS as further catalyst for discrimination Link between HIV/AIDS and death Fear of contracting HIV Association of HIV with “socially unacceptable” behaviours Blame associated with religious / moral beliefs: HIV is result of moral fault that deserves punishment Negative public health effect

9. Breaking the cycle … Social inequalities Denial of Socio/economic rights Vulnerability to HIV HIV based discrimination

10. Role of human rights To effectively intervene we must stop assuming that people have unlimited individual choices To break the cycle we must address the symptoms as well as the causes: HIV based discrimination and underlying social inequalities that fuel vulnerability to HIV Respect, protect and fulfil the right to freedom from discrimination and the right to health

11. Strategies Promote human rights based response to HIV/AIDS Push for political commitment and accountability Use law and policy to enforce rights to health and freedom from discrimination Look wider than HIV based discrimination and address unequal access to socio- economic rights that increase vulnerability to HIV; housing, land, inheritance, economic empowerment of women

12. Address global constructs that increase vulnerability Cannot do this alone Commitment at global level required to address social inequalities that fuel epidemic Unless statements of good intention are translated action AIDS will continue to discriminate