1. CHAPTER 17 FREEDOM’S BOUNDARIES, AT HOME AND ABROAD, 1890-1900

2.  The Farmer’s Revolt  Agricultural prices fell (oversupply)  Dependency on merchants/banks  Farmer’s Alliance  Finance and market crops (exchanges)  The People’s Party (Populists) 1890s  Farmers, miners, industrial workers, and small businessmen  Anti-Catholic/Anti-immigrant  Mass educational campaign  South & West  Federal regulation of farms THE POPULIST CHALLENGE

3.  Direct election of Senators  Gvt. Control of currency  Low cost public financing  Graduated income tax  National ownership of railroads  Unions THE POPULIST PLATFORM

4. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 17.1 Populist Strength, 1892

5. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 17.2 The Presidential Election of 1892

6.  Depression of 1893  Coxey’s Army (1894)  March of unemployed in D.C.  Pullman Strike  Over pay cuts  150,000 American Railway Union  Eugene V. Debs  Injunction forced strikers back to work; many jailed LABOR

7.  Populism and Labor  High agricultural prices = less appeal to workers  Workers voted Republican (for high tariff)  Bryan and Free Silver  Increasing coinage = raise price of goods  Influenced by Social Gospel  The Campaign of 1896  First modern campaign  McKinley elected  Republican dominance through 1930’s THE POPULIST CHALLENGE

9.  The Redeemers  Merchants, planters, businessmen  Goal to reverse reconstruction  Major cuts and increased punishment (involuntary labor)  Failure of the New South Dream  Birmingham (iron & steel)  Dependent on North THE SEGREGATED SOUTH

10.  Black Life  Some owned land and had jobs in upper south  Highly segregated communities  The Kansas Exodus  60,000 headed west (the “Exodus”)  Most lacked resources to move THE SEGREGATED SOUTH

11.  Black Politics  Less Active in Politics  Shift to business, law, and church  National Association of Colored Women (1896)  The Elimination of Black Voting  Poll tax  Literacy tests/Government tests  Disenfranchisement (poor whites also)  Supreme Court approved THE SEGREGATED SOUTH

12.  The Law of Segregation  Civil Rights Act of 1877 invalidated in 1883  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  “Separate but equal”  Led to further discrimination THE SEGREGATED SOUTH

13.  The Rise of Lynching  More than 50 a year (1883-1905)  Rarely punished or prosecuted against THE SEGREGATED SOUTH

14.  The New Immigration and the New Nativism  Italy, Russia, and Austro-Hungarian empire  Inferior  Banning of illiterates in 1897 (vetoed by Cleveland)  Citizenship before voting  The Chinese  1883 Chinese Exclusion Act (permanent in 1902)  Intense racial discrimination REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES

15.  Booker T. Washington  Self help and individual advancement  Tuskegee Institute in AL (vocational skills)  Supported by black and whites  W.E.B. Du Bois  Formed NAACP  Against Washington REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES

16.  The Rise of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)  Founder: Samuel Gompers  From independence to bargaining REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES

17.  The Women’s Era(1890s-1920s)  More woman working  Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) – 1874  From Prohibition towards more equality  Superior over non-whites and should have right to vote REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES

18.  American Expansionism  Monroe Doctrine  Overproduction necessitated foreign markets  Missionaries: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions  Our Country (1885): Josiah Strong  Spreading of values to inferior races  Influence of Sea Power on History (1890): Alfred Mahan  Those who controlled the seas controlled the world BECOMING A WORLD POWER

19. CUBA  Tariff of 1894 created hardships for Cuba  Rebel army revolted  Spanish were treating Cubans poorly  200,000-400,000 died in camps  1896- Congress recognized revolt of Cubans, but Cleveland did not

20. YELLOW JOURNALISM  Sensationalized News  Result of Competition  William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer  Maine incident  Feb 15 th, 1898 ship exploded  U.S. blamed Spain, Spain said it was internal  Publications led to U.S. people calling for war

21. MCKINLEY DECLARES WAR  Madrid already agreed to demands  End camps  Peace with Cuban rebels  Declared war on April 11 th, 1898 believing it was the people’s will  Teller Amendment  Promised Cuban independence once Spain was defeated

22. ATTACK ON CUBA  “Rough Riders”  Organized by Teddy Roosevelt  Battle of San Juan Hill  Volunteer cowboys and ex-athletes  Spanish fleet destroyed July 3 rd, 1898  War ends – August 12 th, 1898

23. END OF THE WAR  Guam and Puerto Rico ceded to the U.S.  Foraker Act of 1900  Popular government  US citizenship in 1917  Insular Cases  Constitution did not extend to Philippines and Puerto Rico  Paid $20 million for the Philippines  Manila ended day after war technically ended  Left Cuba in 1902  Cubans promised to lease land to the U.S. for bases

24.  First Philippine Commission  Formed to investigate conditions and make recommendations on the Philippines  Filipinos not ready for independence  February 4 th, 1899  Led by Emilio Aguinaldo  Against American occupiers after first shots FILIPINOS REVOLT

25.  "In a moment, something rose up slowly in front of us. It was a Filipino. I yelled “Halt!” and made it pretty loud, for I was accustomed to challenging the officer of the guard in approved military style. I challenged him with another loud “halt!” Then he shouted “halto!” to me. Well, I thought the best thing to do was to shoot him. He dropped. Then two Filipinos sprang out of the gateway about fifteen feet from us. I called "Halt" and Miller fired and dropped one. I saw that another was left. Well, I think I got my second Filipino that time. We retreated to where our six other fellows were and I said "Line up fellows, the niggers are in here all through these yards." We then retreated to the pipe line and got behind the water work main and stayed there all night. It was some minutes after our second shots before Filipinos began firing.” FIRST SHOTS IN MANILA

26.  “I order and command:  1. That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of war.  2. That the Americans captured be held as prisoners of war.  3. That this proclamation be communicated to the consuls and that congress order and accord a suspension of the constitutional guarantee, resulting from the declaration of war.” AGUINALDO’S RESPONSE

27.  Filipinos declare war on June 2 nd, 1899  President McKinley told reporters “that the insurgents had attacked Manila” and that Aguinaldo was an “outlaw bandit”  U.S. never formally declared war FORMAL PROCLAMATION OF WAR?

28. BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION  Aguinaldo captured in 1901  “Little Brown Brothers” – William H. Taft  “Benevolent assimilation”  Improved roads, sanitation, health  Economic ties  School system

29. OPEN DOOR POLICY - CHINA  Secretary of State – John Hay  Stated all nations would allow trade and Chinese independence  Italy accepted, Russia did not

30. BOXER REBELLION  Patriotic Chinese rebellion against foreigners in 1900  Many nations came together to put rebellion down