1. AS I Honors

2. Second Continental Congress is formed in reaction to Lexington and Concord ACTIONS Select George Washington to be Commander in Chief of the Continental Army Congress could secure loans to raise money for war, but had no right to tax the colonies Congress would draft The Olive Branch Petition, The Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms, and eventually, the Declaration of Independence Congress could engage in diplomatic relations with other nations (France) for the purpose of supporting the war Congress would eventually draft the Articles of Confederation

3. After L&C, British retreat to Boston May, 1775 - Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold seize weapons caches at Ticonderoga and Crown Point June, 1775 – Weapons are sent to Boston to lay siege against the British June 17, 1775 – Battle of Bunker Hill British attempt a frontal attack, Continental army well entrenched at the top of the hill Gage – in Boston, Major-General William Howe directs nearly 2,400 troops to Bunker Hill against 1500 colonial troops Colonists run out of ammunition, forced retreat Britain wins – casualties are high; one-eighth of the officers lost in the Revolution were lost here Nearly 1,100 British and 400+ colonial casualties “Another victory like this and we’ll surely lose the war”

6. After defeat at Bunker Hill, Olive Branch Petition is drafted, rejected by George III declaring the colonies in rebellion, and George III hired Hessians IMPORTANCE: made opportunity for peace impossible and showed Britain colonial resolve Congress approves invasion of Canada Figured French would embrace anti-British sentiment Could add a 14 th colony Could prevent British attacks on the colonies from there

7. While estimates vary, John Adams believed the colonies to be split 1/3 Loyalist, 1/3 Patriot, and 1/3 Neutral LOYALISTS Concentrated in New York, Charleston, Quaker PA Concentrated among aristocracy – felt patriots were “disorderly”, “brutes”, “lawless”, “from the dregs of people” PATRIOTS Called Loyalists “Tories” – derisive name Militia assumed responsibility of “politically educating” the populace Took greater measures to persecute Loyalists after the Declaration of Independence was signed

8. By March 17, 1776, the British were surrounded and forced to evacuate Boston (Evacuation Day) General Howe relocates to NYC Washington, outnumbered and out-trained, suffers defeats in Long Island – escapes to Manhattan – escapes to White Plains – is followed back through NJ to Delaware River THE BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON Trenton, December 26, 1776 –Washington’s overnight crossing of the Delaware surprises thousands of drunk Hessian soldiers Princeton, January 3, 1777 – Washington, back in Trenton, decoys the British, lights campfires and fires cannons while he moves most of his troops to Princeton. Brigadier General Hugh Mercer, Scottish national and veteran of the French and Indian War suffers fatal wounds in the battle BOTH BATTLES ARE COLONIAL VICTORIES

10. Benedict Arnold was involved in the invasion of Canada The British goal was, under General Burgoyne, to move south, meet with General Howe, and isolate/surround New England The Continental Army is defeated, but Arnold is able to stall a British advance with fighting on Lake Champlain – British forced to retreat to Montreal for the winter (October, 1776) Arnold’s resistance results in: Colonial control of Fort Ticonderoga BATTLE OF SARATOGA, October 17, 1777– this win helps Franklin convince France to aid the United States

11. General Howe, who was supposed to assist Burgoyne by meeting him in Albany to choke off NE, decides he has time and launches an invasion of Philadelphia BATTLES OF BRANDYWINE AND GERMANTOWN (Fall, 1777) – British victories British assume control of Philly Washington retreats to Valley Forge for the winter After victory at Saratoga, the French enter the conflict along with the Spanish and the Dutch (allied with France only) Treaty of Alliance – agreement between US/France Both agree to aid the other if attacked by Britain Both agree no peace with England until the US is free Both agree not to make treaties with other nations unless both nations are present at negotiations British decide to leave Philly, back to New York BATTLE OF MONMOUTH, June 28, 1778 – draw, but British side suffers heavy Hessian casualties – Washington keeps British at bay in New York

12. General Henry Clinton is sent to Georgia where the British begin to take control of the South (12/1778) Savannah and Charleston fall Cornwallis replaces Clinton and defeats Horatio Gates (to whom Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga) – moves into NC Nathanael Greene replaces Gates, conducts hit’n’run attacks on Cornwallis’s men – Cornwallis moves to VA French General Marquis de Lafayette engages Cornwallis in VA, when Corn can’t trap Laf, Corn moves to Yorktown waiting for resupply and reinforcement Admiral de Grasse, in the West Indies, moves in by sea Washington leaves New York, teams with Rochembeau, and heads in by land CORN IS HUSKED! Cornwallis forced to surrender to Washington

13. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represent the United States Concerned about French and Spanish influence, the US concludes its own treaty with England TERMS: Britain recognizes US sovereignty US guarantees peaceful withdrawal of British troops US gains control of all territory east of the Mississippi south of Great Lakes – US can navigate Mississippi also Spain gets Florida US promises not to persecute Loyalists US to recommend state legislatures restore property to Loyalists

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