1. Christian Severin International Waters - GEF

2. Wetland classification Overview of projects in the Black Sea Danube region Nutrient reduction Economics

3. Classification of wetlands Natural wetlands (swamps, marshes and similar areas along edges of water bodies) Rehabilitated Wetlands (pulling out dikes, redirecting streams and rivers, diversifying intensive agricultural practices) Constructed Wetlands (A modified natural or constructed shallow basin for treatment of contaminated waters by wetland vegetation)

4. Examples on different types of actions CountryProject NameType of action (among others) Albania/ Macedonia (UNDP) Integrated Ecosystem Management in the Prespa Lakes Basin of Albania, FYR-Macedonia and Greece Construction of SFS/FWS systems Bosnia-Herzegovina (WB) Water Quality Protection ProjectCombination of constructed SFS, FWS and Natural wetland systems Bulgaria (WB)Wetland Restoration and Pollution Reduction ProjectRehabilitation of Natural Wetlands

5. Nutrient Reduction in the Danube and Black Sea Basin TrancheProject titleStatusGEF $ 1 Romania: Agricultural Pollution ControlApproved5.15 1 Bulgaria : Wetland Restoration and Pollution ReductionApproved7.50 1 Moldova: Agricultural Pollution ControlApproved4.95 1/2 Turkey: Anatolia Watershed RehabilitationApproved7.00 2 Serbia and Montenegro: Reduction of Enterprise Nutrient DischargesApproved9.02 2/3 Bosnia-Herzegovina : Water Quality ProtectionApproved4.25 3 Hungary: Reduction of Nutrient DischargesApproved12.50 3 Moldova: Wastewater, Environmental InfrastructureApproved4.56 3 Romania: Integrated Nutrient Pollution ControlApproved5.00 3 Croatia: Agricultural Pollution ControlPending5.00 3 Ukraine: Odessa Wastewater TreatmentPending5.00

6. Wetlands for Nutrient Reduction Construction of Wetlands to clean wastewater (Artificially created wetland with optimized functions for cleaning specific types of wastewater) Using natural wetlands to clean wastewater (Discharging directly into Wetlands, little alteration in the natural dynamics, not able to target specific types of wastewater, mainly used for tertiary treatment)

7. Constructed Wetlands Horizontal Flow System Vertical Flow System

8. Wastewater Sources Natural agricultural run-off (Fields, etc) Agricultural manure, sludge Domestic wastewater Complex wastewater from sources such as: Slaughter houses Dairies Printing houses Flower production Oil Exploration water Tanneries

9. Nutrient reduction: Wetlands contra Conventional Free Water Syst.Subsurface Water Syst.Conventional Efficiency BODGood (80%)Good (70-80%)Very Good (≥90%) SSGood (80%)Very good (80-90%)Very Good (≥90%) NMediocre (65-70%)Mediocre (70%)Very Good (≥90%) PLimited (50%) Very Good (≥90%) ColiFormVery Good (≥90%) Chemical/Biological efficiency of Wetlands

11. Social/Cultural aspects Free Water Syst.Subsurface Water Syst.Conventional Area needed per PEHigh 2 m 2 – 15 m 2 High 1 - 10 m 2 Is a minor issue Animal infestation riskhighMediumlow Odor nuisanceshighLow Mosquito breedingHighLow Cold climate stabilityMediocreHigh Inclusion of the publicCrucial Important Wetlands contra Conventional

12. Political and financial Aspects Free Water Syst.Subsurface Water Syst.Conventional OM skills neededLow high Investment indexed50-6035-60100 Operation US$ (1998)7500720015.200 Depreciation of invest.20 yr 12 yr

13. The Political/Economical/Social importance of Wetlands Local (Water security, Food, money generation, health) National (Impact on national water ways, health, political stability) Regional - e.g. Lake Vic, Black Sea (social, economical and political stability) International (Strategic importance for Politicians, WB, UNDP, GEF etc.)

14. cseverin@thegef.org