1. Augmenting Understanding: 2 Digital Innovators LCC 2700: Intro to Computational Media Fall 2005 Ian Bogost

2. Doug Engelbart (1960’s) “Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework” 1962 Demo of system 1968 Like McLuhan sees new technology as an extension of human powers, new media forms allow new thinking power Like V. Bush, uses his own research process as the model Wants to represent and retrieve information beyond linear texts Wants to turn the computer into a desktop machine for intellectual work and collaboration

3. Mother of All Demos 1968 Starting point: TIMESHARING Graphic Video Display Keyboard hooked up to a monitor Programmers and programming languages Notecards His own research / writing process Vannevar Bush’s idea of the memex Visual outlines linked to documents Editable lists & hierarchies Multiple views of document(s) Linked files Mouse driven pointer (he calls it a “bug”) Shared viewing, editing across a network Navigation by hierarchies of menus Video conferencing Chording keyboard Formatting commands for hard copies

4. Alan Kay (1970’s) Dynabook concept Xerox PARC Alto: GUI PC Small Talk: object oriented programming language Still innovating: SQUEAK, WIKIs

5. Sketchpad (Ivan Sutherland, 1963)

6. Alan Kay’s narration of Ivan Sutherland’s video of Sketchpadnarration Sketchpad 1963: first drawing program First use of multiple windows Kay emphasizes the “non-procedural” programming, e.g. knowledge of objects; dynamic generation and modification of graphics In our terms he is emphasizing the procedural power of the system

7. SpaceWar! (1962) “SpaceWar (1962) practically drove smalltalk into existence” Alan Kay

8. Prototype of Dynabook (1968)

9. Dynabook dreamed up in 1968 Back in 1968 when I made this cardboard model I thought of it as the machine of the future and started thinking about what would it be like for millions of people to have one of these machines. …. Could people actually use it? And the answer in 1968 and the early 1970s was no. …. And I remembered a wonderful phrase of Marshall McLuhan. He said, I don't know who discovered water, but it wasn't a fish. The idea is if you are immersed in a context you can't even see it. So we decided to follow Seymour Papert's lead and … try and see what this Dynabook of the future would be like for children … http://www.artmuseum.net/w2vr/archives/Kay/01_Dynabook.html

10. Alan Kay & Adele Goldberg (PARC) “Personal Dynamic Media” 1977

11. Alan Kay & Adele Goldberg (PARC) The Dynabook Learning Research Group had the single creative child as its model end-user, as against Engelbart’s model of the collaborative writer-researcher: Target activities included programming, problem-solving making and sharing tools art, music, animation interactive memory for data

12. The Dynabook A personal dynamic medium the size of a notebook…which could be owned by everyone and could have the power to handle virtually all of its owner’s information-related needs. We are exploring the use of [smalltalk and “interim Dynabooks”] as a programming and problem solving tool; as an interactive memory for the storage and manipulation of data; as a text editor; and as a medium for expression through drawing, painting, animating pictures and composing and generating music.

13. Xerox Alto 1973 (ten years before first commercial PCs) The Alto personal computer becomes operational. As it evolves, the Alto will feature the world's first What-You-See-Is- What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) editor, a commercial mouse for input, a graphical user interface (GUI), and bit-mapped display, and will offer menus and icons, link to a local area network and store files simultaneously. http://www.parc.xerox.com/about/h istory/default.html

14. Xerox Alto 1973 : Alan Kay’s Smalltalk Smalltalk is the first object-oriented programming language with an integrated user interface, overlapping windows, integrated documents, and cut & paste editor. The concept that objects are described and addressed individually, and can be linked together with other objects without having to rewrite an entire program, will revolutionize the software industry. Smalltalk will later heavily influence C++ and Java programming systems. http://www.parc.xerox.com/about/history/default.html

15. Dynabook: computer as metamedium Explosion of creative applications piled into a single essay: examples from art, music, writing, hospital simulation, animation… Although digital computers were originally designed to do arithmetic computation, the ability to simulate the details of any descriptive model means that the computer, viewed as a medium itself, can be all other media if the embedding and viewing methods are sufficiently well provided. Moreover, this new “metamedium” is active.

16. Invention of a medium Knowledge Navigator Apple’s 1987/88 hypothetical promotional video What is routine now? What isn’t? What can and can’t we accomplish? The computer helps us do things –Vs The computer changes the way we do thing