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From Imperialism to Communism to Global Power 1 Cultural Revolution
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World’s oldest civilization – over 3000 years of recorded history Chinese viewed selves as center of the universe Other E Asian countries borrowed Chinese culture (writing, language, religions, philosophies) Surrounding countries were “tributary” nations, offered gifts to Chinese imperial court When Mongols controlled China, they became “Chinese” China’s Self-Perception 2
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A Buddhist-oriented map of “the Chinese and the barbarians within the four seas” (17th century) 3
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End of an Empire Qing = last dynasty Corrupt Unequal treaties w/ Europeans Loss of power, importance overthrow of dynasty, civil war Sun Yat-Sen led revolution in 1911 Ended 1000’s of years of dynastic rule Ushered in period of chaos and civil war Qing Dynasty Emperor Puyi, the last emperor of China, ascended to the throne in 1908. He was three years old. 4
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Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist Party (democracy) Sun Yat-Sen General Chiang Kai- Shek 5
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Mao Zedong Started out w/ KMT Worked in rural areas – saw power of peasantry Founded Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921 Long march (1935) 5000 miles over 370 days 100,000 7000 Recuperated in N china Developed support of peasants “cult of personality” 6
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Mao Zedong 7
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Japan a former tributary of China 1931-37 Japan occupied Manchuria, much of eastern China and SE Asia Communists & Nationalists join forces to fight Japan during WWII Japan: a Common Enemy 8
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Japanese Soldiers in Manchuria (1933) Japanese soldiers used live victims for bayonet practice. 9
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Cold War Rivalry – US supported KMT, Soviets supported CCP Mao/CCP defeat KMT in 1949 Land reform, suppression of counter-revolutionaries Many campaigns to renew revolutionary fervor Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956) Many others Establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 1949 10
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Problems: food for large population, need to rapidly industrialize GLF Reforms: Agricultural – no private food production, collectivization of all animals/equipment Industrial – small-scale steel/iron production Results: Grain production down, largest famine in history (20-60m died) Mao’s power weakened Great Leap Forward (1958) 11
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Melting Down Objects for Steel 12
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“Class enemies” threatening socialism Red Guard Schools closed, intellectuals farms Intellectuals were expected to learn from peasants and students Much of China’s cultural heritage destroyed Millions persecuted, many deaths Officially ended 1969 (Mao died 1976) Cultural Revolution (1966) Cultural Revolution 13
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Red Guards Many people committed suicide after public criticism. Cultural Revolution- youtube 14
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Took over after Mao, Long March veteran Goal – modernize economy, maintain political control SEZs – elements of capitalism Improved standard of living Growth of middle class Some political freedom Tiananmen Square (June 3, 1989) Protest for democracy Troops attacked protesters killing over 2,000 and injuring more Deng Xiaopeng 15
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Reformer – wants to modernize China Wants China to become world power & regain position as world leader (2008 Olympics) Must combat problems that go along w/ capitalism Creation of classes Desire for material goods Drugs, crime Hu Jintao (2003-2012) 16
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Groomed to become Hu Jintao’s successor Campaigns against corruption Continues market economic reforms Promotes the “Chinese Dream” Prosperity, collective effort, socialism, and national glory (military strengthening) Xi Jinping (2013- present) 17
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