1. World War II The European Theater © CICERO 20121

2. End of Democracy in Europe End of Democracy in Most of Europe by the 1930s Democracies were seen as Weak Strong Men Rose ◦ Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)Benito Mussolini ◦ Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (Portugal)António de Oliveira Salazar ◦ Generalissimo Francisco Franco (Spain) ◦ Chancellor Adolf Hitler (Germany)Adolf Hitler ◦ Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss (Austria)Engelbert Dollfuss ◦ Admiral Miklos Horthy (Hungary) ◦ General Secretary Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)Joseph Stalin ◦ Minister of foreign Józef Beck (Poland)Józef Beck ◦ King Boris III (Bulgaria)Boris III ◦ conduc ă torul Ion Antonescu (Romania) conduc ă torulIon Antonescu © CICERO 20122

3. Benito Mussolini Compare the German, Italian, and Japanese drives for empire in the 1930s, including the 1937 Rape of Nanking, other atrocities in China, and the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939. ITALY At First a Marxist Socialist During World War I, Mussolini created the Fascist Party ◦ More of a National Socialist Party or Syndicalist Party Government, Business, and Labor Working together, under the Government’s Direction. © CICERO 20123

4. Mussolini Mussolini, “Il Duce” Became the Darling of the Progressive Media in the U.S. A “Man of Action” not words Appeared on TIME’s cover in 1923 and 1935 Many positive articles in the New Republic as the “ultimate progressive.” Cole Porter's song "You're the Top" is a salute to the dictator. Irving Berlin also wrote musical tribute. Hollywood Producers such as Hal Roach made deals with Il Duce. © CICERO 20124

5. Mussolini He wanted to Reestablish The Roman Empire A Mere Nostrum (”OUR” Mediterranean Sea) Consolidated Power in Libya Italianized and built a naval base on the Greek island of Leros Set up a puppet government in Albania Conquered Ethiopia Aided Franco and fought the Communists in Spain © CICERO 20125

6. IMPERIAL JAPAN 1894-95 First Sino-Japanese War over Korea. It received Formosa and influence in Manchuria 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War – First Asian victory over a European power - Japanese receive part of Sakhalin1 1910 Annexation of Korea WWITake influence in Shandony Province Marianas, Caroline, Marshall Islands, Conquer Manchuria 1935 Take Jehol Province 1936 Take Inner Mongolia 1937 2 nd Sino-Japanese War---Rape of Nanking - over 300,000 slaughtered. They create a puppet state (China lost 20 million in war) 1939-40 Battles with Soviet Union 1941 Neutrality Pact with the U.S.S.R. 1941 Tripartite Pact – Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis © CICERO 20126

7. Germany National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP) National Socialist German Worker's Party The Third Reich The Second Reich 1871 to 1918 The First Reich was The Holy Roman Empire ◦ Claimed to be the successor to the Roman Empire © CICERO 20127

8. INITIAL GOAL Create an Anglo-German alliance to crush the U.S.S.R. Germanics vs. Slavs © CICERO 20128

9. Timeline 1933 British said Germany must wait 10 years to rearm 1934 German-Polish Nonaggression Pact of January 1934 1934 Germany tries to absorb Austria – stopped by Italy 1935March 1935, Hitler rejected Part V of Versailles Treaty 1935 The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (A.G.N.A.) 1936 Reoccupied the demilitarized Rhineland 1937 Hitler assists Franco against Communists in Spain 1937 Rome-Berlin Axis 1938 Germany absorbs Austria Anschullus 1938Germany takes the Sudetenland 1938 Poland takes Teschen; Czechs give in 1939 Slovakia and Ruthenia declare independence 1939Hungary takes some of Ruthenia and Southern Slovakia 1939 Germany makes Czechoslovakia protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1939 Germany takes German area of Mendel from Lithuania 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 1939 Germany invades Poland – September 1 © CICERO 20129

10. The U.S.S.R. © CICERO 201210

11. The Soviets Soviets had industrialized and were preparing for War Problem: Stalin had killed most of his officers 1939: German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact September 17:U.S.S.R. invades and takes eastern Poland U.S.S.R. takes independent Latvia U.S.S.R. takes independent Estonia U.S.S.R. takes Bessarabia from Romania Germany had advanced too far, so it allowed Soviets to independent Lithuania November 29:U.S.S.R. goes to war with Finland; takes Finnish land © CICERO 201211

12. Appeasement Isolation Distractions 5-Year Plans Show Trials British & French Americans Depression Soviets © CICERO 201212 Understand the role of appeasement, nonintervention (isolationism), and the domestic distractions in Europe and the United States prior to the outbreak of World War II.

13. Isolation American reaction to World War I Frontier Focus Washington-Jefferson Tradition Far East © CICERO 201213

14. Only a Political and Military Isolation America looked to Europe for Culture, Trade, Fashions, Literature, Philosophy, Political Science Anglo-Saxon Connection with America Ethnic groups had strong ties to the old world. Irish, Italians, Germans, Poles © CICERO 201214

15. Isolationism FDR was an Isolationist He did not want to get involved with Europe or World Affairs 1935 - U.S. Neutrality Act - Limits any help to belligerents Army & Navy draw up plans to defend the: ◦ West Coast to the International Date Line ◦ East Coast to Greenland ◦ South to the Equator The Philippines and Guam would not be defended © CICERO 201215

16. Appeasement Chamberlain Daladier © CICERO 201216 Hitler took more and more and more As Daladier said he would

17. 1939 Identify and locate the Allied and Axis powers on a map and discuss the major turning points of the war, the principal theaters of conflict, key strategic decisions, and the resulting war conferences and political resolutions, with emphasis on the importance of geographic factors. September 3, 1939 U.K. & French declare war on Germany Considered the beginning of World War II Phony War British send troops to France Allies stare at Germans. Germans knew the Allies would not move, so they only left six divisions in West If the French had moved, they would have smashed past the Rhine. © CICERO 201217

18. 1939 © CICERO 201218 Hitler moves to take Belnelux French wait in the Maginot Line. Germans circle and attack from behind

19. Vidkun Quisling Hitler decides to take Norway (Quisling-- 5 th Column) and Demark in Winter of 1939-40 To keep Baltic Sea open. Use Norway & Denmark as U-boat bases against the British Navy. Hitler could move easily to import the neutral Sweden’s Iron Ore. Deny Britain Danish goods Chamberlain falls from power Winston Churchill takes control © CICERO 201219

20. German Occupation Germany occupies north and west France and sets up the puppet government of Vichy France. © CICERO 201220

21. Battle of Dunkirk British escape at the Battle of Dunkirk Hitler could have destroyed the British Army, but did not. The question is, “Why?” Everyone believed Hitler would invade Britain, but he had no plan to. He wanted the U.K. to give up and accept his power in Europe. He would accept their naval, ocean Empire. Churchill was committed to fighting until the end. Nazis began to assemble an invasion force. Luftwaffe had to gain air supremacy-RAF was ready to fight Summer & Autumn 1940 Britain was alone © CICERO 201221

22. Battle of Britain © CICERO 201222

23. June 1940FDR organizes defenses with Canada & Caribbean countries. September 1940FDR transfers 50 overage destroyers to U.K. for rights on 8 British naval bases. July-Sept. 1940Series of Two Ocean Acts and National Guard mobilized September 1940Selective Service and Training Act © CICERO 201223

24. Chief of Staff: George C. Marshall Chief of Naval Operations: Harold R. Stark FDR knew the Japanese would look to Allied possessions in the East. Order the U.S. fleet to Pearl Harbor from San Diego. January to March 1940 U.S. & U.K. meet to formulate plans if U.S. entered the war. Germany was the strongest power and must be defeated first. Save the U.K. March 1941ABC-1 Staff Agreement – Germany 1 st Lend Lease Act – gave U.K. access to U.S. war production. Regardless of its ability to pay. This circumvented the Neutrality Acts. May 1941Lend Lease extended to China Nov. 1941Lend Lease mounted to $13 billion and disrupted delivery to U.S. Armed Forces © CICERO 201224

25. British Strategy Defeat Germany by: 1.Bombing 2.Internal Subversion 3.Aid to Soviets, let them fight 4.Military operations along vulnerable frontiers 1.U.K. wanted to avoid a WW I stalemate 2.They wanted a Mediterranean Theater 1.Take Morocco & Algeria from Vichy 2.Fight Italo-German forces in Libya to Egypt 1.This would divert German troops from the Russian front 2.Strengthen British war efforts 3.Wanted British command to restore the integrity of the Empire. © CICERO 201225

26. U.S. View of Churchill Plan U.S. military urges FDR to reject Churchill’s plan It wanted to take on the Wehrmacht in France. They believed the U.K. only wanted to keep the Empire. The Admiralty & the King wanted January 1 st Eisenhower was given the European command. He was surrounded by British generals. Ike favored the British. © CICERO 201226 Shipping Deadlines (0 votes) Shipping Deadlines (0 votes) Shipping Deadlines (0 votes)

27. U.S. Plan 1942-1943 1. Mount bombing & sub attacks  “Tighten the Ring.” 2. Deploy air & ground troops to U.K. (Operation Bolero) to prepare 2 possible invasions of Europe. 3. 1942 invasion (Sledgehammer) would occur if: 1.Soviets seemed to be on the verge of defeat. 2.If Nazis were weakened by internal uprising. 4. 1943 invasion (Roundup) throw 48 divisions (30 American) in against the Wehrmacht in France. © CICERO 201227

28. For FDR paramount Political & Coalition goals were paramount. He wanted a strong American commitment in East & West in 1942 to encourage Allies. July 1942 a.Sent division to North Africa to keep the U.S. electorate’s ill in the European War. b.Limited offensive in the Pacific. © CICERO 201228

29. Americans in Arms Dec. 1941 to Dec. 1946  16.3 Million ◦ 11.2 Million in Army ◦ 4.1 Million in Navy ◦ 669,000 in Marines ◦ 333,000 Women Selective Service at the end of 1942 ◦ No more volunteers! Ages 18 to 64 (really 44, dropped to 38) Average age 26 © CICERO 201229

30. Allies Enter War in Mediterranean November 1942 British Field Marshal – U.K. 8 th drove the Italo-Germans back from El Alamein to Tunisia. U.S. & U.K. force struck 3 Moroccan locations and Algerian ports of Oran & Algiers and defeat the French. Negotiate peace with Vichy Admiral Jean F. Darlan. Germans mistaken about Allied intentions. They occupied all of France and waste troops. They sent troops to Tunisia. General Dwight Eisenhower lost the race to Tunisia. © CICERO 201230

31. General George S. Patton U.S. troops did not do well against the Germans at Kasserine Pass. U.S. tactics and weapons did not measure up.U.S. logistics & artillery were good. Then – U.S. gives command of 7 th Army to General George S. Patton © CICERO 201231

32. Casablanca Conference January, 1943 © CICERO 201232

33. They Agreed to: Continue strategic bombing. War against U-boats. Subversion on the Continent. Operations in the Mediterranean. U.S. decision to invade Sicily U.S. and U.K. agree on Unconditional Surrender to alleviate the Soviets’ fear that Hitler could negotiate a separate peace to concentrate on the U.S.S.R. May 1943 ◦ Germans and Italians surrender in Tunisia. © CICERO 201233

34. U.S. Reasons for Invading Italy 1. Divert German divisions from U.S.S.R. 2. Provide airbases for attacks on Germany and Eastern Europe (help Soviets) 3. Italy’s collapse would hurt Germany 1.politically 2.militarily Churchill wanted to invade Greece and the Balkans © CICERO 201234

35. Sicilian Campaign July-August 1943 Showed Allied strengths and weakness U.S. 7 th & U.K. 8 th (Patton & Montgomery) surprise Germans Allies attain Beachheads Germans & Italian counterattacks came within a few miles from success. 82 nd Airborne and Naval & Artillery shellfire drive Axis troops off. © CICERO 201235

36. Sicily Patton and Montgomery Chose Separate Operations Patton enveloped Messina through Palermo Montgomery plodded up the East Coat toward Palermo Axis defenses formed around only two German divisions © CICERO 201236

37. Mussolini Falls June 25, 1943  Mussolini is overthrown. Anti-Fascist, Fascists, and some of military high command form a new government New leader  Pietro Badoglio Declared they would continue the war, but negotiated a secret armistice. September 8, 1943 ◦ German tanks roll into Rome. ◦ Germans send more troops to Italy. Allied advance is called off. The front stabilized between Naples and Rome. After 2 months of fighting, Allies are still 100 miles from Rome. It’s at the Gustav Line. Germans control Northern and Central Italy © CICERO 201237

38. Mussolini Reborn Mussolini was rescued and given a new Fascist state called the Republic of Salo. Really under German control. Germans held trials in Verona for the six Fascists who overthrew Mussolini. Mussolini’s son-in-law, Count Ciano was executed. Germans had sent many Balkan troops to Italy. German tanks went to Italy instead of Russia. German offensive in the East, countered by a Soviet counter-offensive. Soviets drove the Germans to the Dnieper River and recaptured Kiev. © CICERO 201238

39. End of 1943 1. War with Japan developed better than expected 2. In Mediterranean accomplished limited objectives a.Eliminating Vichy France and Italy b.But it had not brought tremendous pressure on the Germans 3. Soviets had had a great victory at Stalingrad a.Bombing of Germany had not really helped the Soviets © CICERO 201239

40. In 1944 U.S.S.R. wanted a Western Front to relieve pressure. U.S. wanted a Western Front to help U.S.S.R. U.K. wanted a Balkan offensive and continued Italian offensive. Let the Soviets fight Hitler and waste blood. Balkans could be British sphere of influence and they could keep them away from the Soviets. © CICERO 201240

41. January 1944 Amphibious assault on Anzio, Italy Brutal battle, but did not alter the stalemate. © CICERO 201241

42. Tehran, Iran Meeting Allies agree to Operation Overlord for June 1944. Troops from U.S. would go to U.K. 26 divisions to Europe, 7 to the Pacific Eisenhower given command Eisenhower tried to overcome the tactical and logistical problems. Central command argue over a simultaneous invasion of southern France. Operation Anvil. This was to spread the Germans out and link up with northern troops along the Rhine. Churchill still wanted to enter the Adriatic. FDR did nor want to antagonize Stalin, who he wanted to help with the war in Japan. © CICERO 201242

43. 1944 Germans were being pushed back everywhere. Early summer, the Soviets were at the Polish and Romanian borders. Late summer they were to East Prussia They forced Finland out of the war. They captured Romania and Bulgaria. Soviets were pushing from the southeast, as well as from the east. Stalemate in Italy broken. Allies take Rome (June 4) and Florence Allies liberate Greece. © CICERO 201243

44. Strategic Bombing RAF shifted to nighttime bombing and targeted civilian areas. USAAC bombed during the day. 8 th Air Force hit: ◦ Industrial centers ◦ Airplane factories ◦ Electricity ◦ petroleum installations, ◦ etc. The U.S. did not regard public demoralization as an important objective. © CICERO 201244

45. Bomber Offensive Combined Bomber Offensive Paid Limited and Costly Dividends 1. Ruined the Luftwaffe by mid 1944 2. Forced Germany to spend 30% of its war effort on air defense. 3. 8 th & 15 th air attack lost 30,000 men 4. Lost 4,900 heavy bombers to indirectly cripple the Wehrmacht But destruction came too late to decide the battle for Europe. German industry put out material until the last day. BUT, they could not transport the material. © CICERO 201245

46. June 6, 1944: D-Day Allies dominated the air Landings were covered by guns from U.S. and U.K. ships French underground gave targets Artificial harbors brought in SUPREME COMMAND: Eisenhower Field Command: Montgomery Bradley © CICERO 201246 Germans could not decide whether to defend the coast or let the Allies inland, where they would be weaker. Hitler would not let them use tanks; he believed Normandy was a feign. He thought Patton would attack Calais.

47. Port of Cherbourg Allies landed in Normandy at the Port of Cherbourg 9 th Air Force did attack Calais to continue the deception. It was joined by the 8 th Air Force and the RAF. June 6  100,000 troops landed ◦ 3 U.S. army divisions and ◦ 2 airborne divisions in west  Omaha Germans inflicted shocking casualties! © CICERO 201247

48. Utah Beach Methodical naval gunfire Weak defenses Air assault allowed the U.S. to secure the right flank U.K. seizes the left flank 3 divisions, 3 armored brigades and an assault division BUT Montgomery did not take Caen. Slugfest ensued: No major Allied victories; However, by July-August, the Allies got more than 1 million troops ashore. © CICERO 201248

49. Operation Cobra Bradley’s 12 th had a breakthrough with attacks to the south and west. The 1 st also had success. Last week of July  Bradley’s Operation Cobra Patton’s 3 rd Army plunged through a gap to envelop the ENTIRE German 7th army. Hitler ordered a counter offensive on exposed U.S. flank. ◦ U.S. 1 st & air attacks stopped the Panzers. ◦ Too much U.S. command’s caution saves the German 7 th and their Panzer 6 th. U.K. 21 st drove north to Calais U.S. 12 th drove east and west around Paris August 25 Paris is liberated; De Gaulle enters first © CICERO 201249

50. July, 1944 Attempt on Hitler’s life 2 German field marshals (one is Rommel) commit suicide. Hitler sacks von Rundstedt August 14 Operation Anvil Franco-American troops land without serious opposition. They moved north September:New U.S. 6 th drove up to flank U.S. 3 rd Offensive slowed; U.S. 3 rd had outrun its supply line It had taken Lorraine and was en route to the Rhineland. Patton asked that he receive the slower armies’ supplies to move on! © CICERO 201250

51. Market Garden Montgomery, however, wanted the supplies to redeem himself. Operation Market Garden  a thrust across Holland. Could the war have ended sooner if the Allies had not kept a broad front and kept their northern wing back and given support to Patton’s tanks on their southern wing? © CICERO 201251

52. German Resistance As German resistance stiffened, Eisenhower had three problems: 1. Operational – U.K. urges Eisenhower to give Montgomery priority a.Montgomery would advance through Holland and do a reverse von Schlieffen Plan i.Patton was screaming for supplies 2. Logistical 3. Organizational  lack of troops a.The most intelligent soldiers went into technical areas. i.I.Q. tests b.Others went into the infantry 1944– 40% of U.S. enlisted men were below average intelligence. translation  lack of qualified NCOs Eisenhower had to wait until armies reorganized and supplies caught up. © CICERO 201252

53. Eisenhower sent the U.S. 9 th and most of the U.S. 1 st north of the Ardennes, while curbing a very angry Patton (U.S. 3 rd) and limiting the U.S. 6 th. © CICERO 201253

54. The Battle of the Bulge Hitler sent Eastern troops to the Rhine, with the geographic goal of Antwerp. Real goal– divide and defeat the Western Allies. He wanted to break through the Ardennes forest. 2 Panzer armies 1 Infantry army 25 divisions (250,000 troops) deployed in the Ardennes, which was held by the 1 st Army. The German advance was a complete surprise. © CICERO 201254

55. Battle of the Bulge First two days, the Germans moved quickly ◦ inflict heavy losses on the Allies. Shook morale of the Allies ◦ the alliance with the Soviets rose in value. U.S. made a fierce resistance. ◦ Funneled German offenses into a narrow path. U.S. defenses at St. Vith & Bastogne held strong. Germans were halted after the 2 nd day. Germans reached their limits from their lack of fuel. © CICERO 201255

56. Bulge Response Eisenhower organizes a response to both flanks : He gave Montgomery all of the U.S. 9 th Army, plus all of the U.S. 1 st Army, minus the 1 st Corps. The Southern flank was given to Patton’s 3 rd Army. ◦ He smashed the German’s side. When the weather cleared, the U.S. gained air supremacy. Soviets resumed pressure in early January to relieve the pressure on the West. By the end of January, the Allies had pushed the Germans back. © CICERO 201256

57. January, 1945 Allies and Soviets open offensives Seven million Soviets pushed from the Balkans to the Baltic. Four million Western Allied troops push through the Siegfried Line and crossed the Rhine River. March 8: U.S. 1 st Army crossed the Rhine at Remagen, south of Bonn. 2/3 of the divisions and tactical air wings were U.S., but Eisenhower gave the place of honor to Montgomery’s British 21 st Army. He used the U.S. 9 th as reinforcements. Eisenhower agreed to let Montgomery attack north of the Ruhr – Germans fiercely defended the Rhine against the British. The U.S 1 st & (Patton) 3 rd in the South pushed the Germans across the Rhine. Eisenhower planned to envelop Ruhr and trap the Germans. © CICERO 201257

58. April 11, 1945 The U.S. 9 th Army, under General Simpson was 24 hours from Berlin, with no resistance in front of it. Eisenhower ordered Simpson not to cross the Elbe River. Germans were not allowed to surrender to American troops. Berlin had to be left for the Soviets. Patton was stopped outside of Prague. He had to watch Germans shooting civilians for a few days, before the Soviets got there. © CICERO 201258

59. April 29, 1945 Germans surrender Italy. Mussolini tries to escape, but is shot and hanged upside down. © CICERO 201259

60. April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide © CICERO 201260

61. Surrender May 7Germans surrender to Eisenhower at Rheims. May 8Germans surrender to Zhukov in Berlin. © CICERO 201261

62. Recap Hitler rightfully appreciated the use of tanks and planes in modern war. Hitler had taken an active part in the conquest of Norway and Denmark in 1940 to show that Blitzkrieg worked. However, he lacked the technical training and patience of logistical detail. He would plan and order operations without giving consideration to logistics. © CICERO 201262

63. Recap (cont’d) Hitler relied too much on instinct; after initial successes, it failed him. Prohibiting withdrawals, he sacrificed troops. He didn’t allow generals local authority. He lived in the Bunker and was susceptible to strategic delusions. He ordered phantom armies and lost touch with reality. Some historians believed Hitler purposely destroyed the German people Because they had lost at Moscow and Stalingrad. The Slav had beaten the Teutonic German. The Germans deserved to be destroyed. © CICERO 201263