3. Chapter Menu Covalent Bonding Section 8.1Section 8.1The Covalent Bond Section 8.2Section 8.2 Naming Molecules Section 8.3Section 8.3 Molecular Structures Section 8.4Section 8.4 Molecular Shapes Section 8.5Section 8.5Electronegativity and Polarity Exit Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides.

4. Section 8-2 Section 8.2 Naming Molecules Translate molecular formulas into binary molecular compound names. oxyanion: a polyatomic ion in which an element (usually a nonmetal) is bonded to one or more oxygen atoms oxyacid Name acidic solutions. Specific rules are used when naming binary molecular compounds, binary acids, and oxyacids.

5. Section 8-2 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds The first element is always named first using the entire element name. The second element is named using its root and adding the suffix –ide. If the first element is a nonmetal, assume it will be a molecular compound (not ionic). Similar to ionic compounds:

6. Section 8-2 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds (cont.) Prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element in a compound. Different from ionic compounds: Don’t add mono- to the first element.

7. Name these binary compounds CO CO 2 NO 3 N 2 O 5 CCl 4 carbon monoxide carbon dioxide nitrogen trioxide dinitrogen pentoxide carbon tetrachloride

8. Section 8-2 Naming Acids Acid formulas begin with H- In solid form, acids may be labeled with their ionic name. To simplify our naming, we’ll always assume that the acid is dissolved in water and using its acid name. HCl, HNO 3, HC 2 H 3 O 2 HCl(s) hydrogen chloride HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid

9. Section 8-2 Naming Acids The first word has the prefix hydro- followed by the root of the element plus the suffix –ic. The second word is always acid. For acids that do not contain oxygen: HCl HCN H 2 S Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrosulfuric acid

10. Section 8-2 Naming Acids (cont.) An oxyacid is an acid that contains both a hydrogen atom and an oxyanion.oxyacid Identify the oxyanion present. The first word is the root of the oxyanion plus the suffix -ic if the anion ends in -ate or -ous if the oxyanion ends in -ite.

11. Section 8-2 Naming Acids (cont.) The second word is always acid.

12. Name these acids. HBr HBrO 3 HBrO 2 HF HClO 4 hydrobromic acid bromic acid bromous acid hydrofluoric acid perchloric acid

13. Section 8-2 Naming Acids (cont.)

14. Name these compounds. NaOH HNO 3 PCl 5 HI SO 2 NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 sodium hydroxide nitric acid phosphorus pentachloride hydroiodic acid sulfur dioxide ammonium acetate

15. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 8-2 Section 8.2 Assessment Give the binary molecular name for water (H 2 O). A.dihydrogen oxide B.dihydroxide C.hydrogen monoxide D.dihydrogen monoxide

16. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 8-2 Section 8.2 Assessment Give the name for the molecule HClO 4. A.perchloric acid B.chloric acid C.chlorous acid D.hydrochloric acid

17. End of Section 8-2

18. Section 8-3 Section 8.3 Molecular Structures List the basic steps used to draw Lewis structures. ionic bond: the electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in an ionic compound Explain why resonance occurs, and identify resonance structures. Identify three exceptions to the octet rule, and name molecules in which these exceptions occur.

19. Section 8-3 Section 8.3 Molecular Structures (cont.) structural formula resonance coordinate covalent bond Structural formulas show the relative positions of atoms within a molecule.

20. Section 8-3 Structural Formulas A structural formula uses letter symbols and bonds to show relative positions of atoms.structural formula

21. Section 8-3 Structural Formulas (cont.) Drawing Lewis Structures –Count all the valence electrons. –Choose a central atom. (usually atom with the lowest electronegativity, but cannot be H) –Attach all atoms around the central atom with one bond. –Add pairs of electrons to all outer atoms to fill their octet. –Place remaining pairs of electrons on central atom. –If the central atom needs more electrons, create double or triple bonds by shifting in outer pairs.

22. Section 8-1 Single Covalent Bonds (cont.) Atoms in group 16 can share two electrons and form two covalent bonds. Water is formed from one oxygen with two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to it.

23. Section 8-1 Single Covalent Bonds (cont.) Atoms in group 15 form three single covalent bonds, such as in ammonia.

24. Section 8-1 Single Covalent Bonds (cont.) Atoms of group 14 elements form four single covalent bonds, such as in methane.

25. Section 8-3 Resonance Structures Resonance is a condition that occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule or ion.Resonance This figure shows three correct ways to draw the structure for NO 3 1-.

26. Section 8-3 Resonance Structures (cont.) Two or more correct Lewis structures that represent a single ion or molecule are resonance structures. The molecule behaves as though it has only one structure. The bond lengths are identical to each other and intermediate between single and double covalent bonds.

27. Section 8-3 Exceptions to the Octet Rule Some molecules do not obey the octet rule. A small group of molecules might have an odd number of valence electrons. NO 2 has five valence electrons from nitrogen and 12 from oxygen and cannot form an exact number of electron pairs.

28. Section 8-3 Exceptions to the Octet Rule (cont.) A few compounds form stable configurations with less than 8 electrons around the atom—a suboctet. A coordinate covalent bond forms when one atom donates both of the electrons to be shared with an atom or ion that needs two electrons.coordinate covalent bond

29. Section 8-3 Exceptions to the Octet Rule (cont.) A third group of compounds has central atoms with more than eight valence electrons, called an expanded octet. Elements in period 3 or higher have a d-orbital and can form more than four covalent bonds.

30. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 8-3 Section 8.3 Assessment What is it called when one or more correct Lewis structures can be drawn for a molecule? A.suboctet B.expanded octet C.expanded structure D.resonance

31. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 8-3 Section 8.3 Assessment Where do atoms with expanded octets occur? A.transition metals B.noble gases C.elements in period 3 or higher D.elements in group 3 or higher