1. Working With Financial Statements Chapter 3

2. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-1 Key Concepts and Skills Know how to standardise financial statements for comparison purposes Know how to compute and interpret important financial ratios Know the determinants of a firm’s profitability and growth Understand the problems and pitfalls in financial statement analysis

3. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-2 Chapter Outline Standardised Financial Statements Ratio Analysis The Du Pont Identity Internal and Sustainable Growth Using Financial Statement Information

4. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-3 Standardised Financial Statements Common-Size Balance Sheets – Compute all accounts as a percent of total assets Common-Size Income Statements – Compute all line items as a percent of sales Standardised statements make it easier to compare financial information, particularly as the company grows They are also useful for comparing companies of different sizes, particularly within the same industry

5. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-4 Ratio Analysis Ratios also allow for better comparison through time or between companies As we look at each ratio, ask yourself what the ratio is trying to measure and why is that information important Ratios are used both internally and externally

6. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-5 Categories of Financial Ratios Short-term solvency or liquidity ratios Long-term solvency or financial leverage ratios Asset management or turnover ratios Profitability ratios Market value ratios

7. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-6 Sample Balance Sheet Cash6,489A/P340,220 A/R1,052,606N/P86,631 Inventory295,255Other CL1,098,602 Other CA199,375Total CL1,525,453 Total CA1,553,725LT Debt871,851 Net FA2,535,072C/S1,691,493 Total Assets4,088,797Total Liab. & Equity 4,088,797 Numbers in thousands

8. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-7 Sample Income Statement Revenues3,991,997 Cost of Goods Sold1,738,125 Expenses1,205,530 Depreciation308,355 EBIT739,987 Interest Expense42,013 Taxable Income697,974 Taxes 272,210 Net Income425,764 EPS2.17 Dividends per share0.86 Numbers in thousands, except EPS & DPS

9. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-8 Computing Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio = CA/CL – 1,553,725 / 1,525,453 = 1.02 times Quick Ratio = (CA – Inventory)/CL – (1,553,725 – 295,255) / 1,525,453 = 0.825 times Cash Ratio = Cash/CL – 6,489 / 1,525,453 = 0.004 times

10. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-9 Computing Leverage Ratios Total Debt Ratio = (TA – TE)/TA – (4,088,797 – 1,691,493) / 4,088,797 = 0.5863 times or 58.63% – The firm finances almost 59% of their assets with debt. Debt/Equity = TD/TE – (4,088,797 – 1,691,493) / 1,691,493 = 1.417 times Equity Multiplier = TA/TE = 1 + D/E – 1 + 1.417 = 2.417

11. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-10 Computing Coverage Ratios Times Interest Earned = EBIT/Interest – 739,987 / 42,013 = 17.6 times Cash Coverage = (EBIT + Depreciation)/Interest – (739,987 + 308,355) / 42,013 = 24.95 times

12. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-11 Computing Inventory Ratios Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold/Inventory – 1,738,125 / 295,255 = 5.89 times Days’ Sales in Inventory = 365/Inventory Turnover – 365 / 5.89 = 62 days

13. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-12 Computing Receivables Ratios Receivables Turnover = Sales/Accounts Receivable – 3,991,997 / 1,052,606 = 3.79 times Days’ Sales in Receivables = 365/Receivables Turnover – 365 / 3.79 = 96 days

14. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-13 Computing Total Asset Turnover Total Asset Turnover = Sales/Total Assets – 3,991,997 / 4,088,797 = 0.98 times Measure of asset use efficiency Not unusual for TAT <1, especially if a firm has a large amount of fixed assets

15. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-14 Computing Profitability Measures Profit Margin = Net Income/Sales – 425,764 / 3,991,997 = 0.1067 times or 10.67% Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income/Total Assets – 425,764 / 4,088,797 = 0.1041 times or 10.41% Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income/Total Equity – 425,764 / 1,691,493 = 0.2517 times or 25.17%

16. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-15 Computing Market Value Measures Market Price = $61.625 per share Shares outstanding = 205,838,594 PE Ratio = Price per share/Earnings per share – 61.625 / 2.17 = 28.4 times Market-to-book ratio = market value per share/book value per share – 61.625 / (1,691,493,000 / 205,838,594) = 7.5 times

17. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-16 Table 3.5

18. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-17 Deriving the Du Pont Identity ROE = NI/TE Multiply by 1 and then rearrange – ROE = (NI/TE)(TA/TA) – ROE = (NI/TA)(TA/TE) = ROA*EM Multiply by 1 again and then rearrange – ROE = (NI/TA)(TA/TE)(Sales/Sales) – ROE = (NI/Sales)(Sales/TA)(TA/TE) – ROE = PM*TAT*EM

19. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-18 Using the Du Pont Identity ROE = PM*TAT*EM – Profit margin is a measure of the firm’s operating efficiency – how well does it control costs – Total asset turnover is a measure of the firm’s asset use efficiency – how well does it manage its assets – Equity multiplier is a measure of the firm’s financial leverage

20. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-19 Payout and Retention Ratios Dividend payout ratio = Cash dividends/Net income – 0.86 / 2.17 = 0.3963 or 39.63% Retention ratio = Additions to retained earnings/Net income = 1 – payout ratio – 1.31 / 2.17 = 0.6037 = 60.37% – Or 1 - 0.3963 = 0.6037 = 60.37%

21. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-20 The Internal Growth Rate The internal growth rate tells us how much the firm can grow assets using retained earnings as the only source of financing

22. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-21 The Sustainable Growth Rate The sustainable growth rate tells us how much the firm can grow by using internally generated funds and issuing debt to maintain a constant debt ratio.

23. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-22 Determinants of Growth Profit margin – operating efficiency Total asset turnover – asset use efficiency Financial leverage – choice of optimal debt ratio Dividend policy – choice of how much to pay to shareholders versus reinvesting in the firm

24. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-23 Table 3.6

25. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-24 Why Evaluate Financial Statements? Internal uses – Performance evaluation – compensation and comparison between divisions – Planning for the future – guide in estimating future cash flows External uses – Creditors – Suppliers – Customers – Shareholders

26. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-25 Benchmarking Ratios are not very helpful by themselves; they need to be compared to something Time-Trend Analysis – Used to see how the firm’s performance is changing through time – Internal and external uses Peer Group Analysis – Compare to similar companies or within industries – GICS codes

27. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-26 Real World Example – I Ratios are figured using financial data from the 2005 Annual Report for Metcash Compare the ratios to the industry ratios in Table 3.8 in the book Metcash’s fiscal year end is 30 June Be sure to note how the ratios are computed in the table so that you can compute comparable numbers

28. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-27 Real World Example – II Liquidity ratios – Current ratio = 1.12x; Industry = 1.11x – Quick ratio = 0.71x; Industry = 0.58x Long-term solvency ratio – Debt/Equity ratio (Debt / Worth) = 0.68x; – Industry = 0.59x. Coverage ratio – Times Interest Earned = 20.7x; Industry = 9.0x

29. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-28 Real World Example – III Asset management ratios: – Inventory turnover = 17.5x; Industry = 10.5x – Receivables turnover = 10.9x (33 days); Industry = 21.6x – Total asset turnover = 4.8x; Industry = 3.3x Profitability ratios – Profit margin before taxes = 1.42%; Industry = 2.14% – ROA (profit before taxes/total assets) = 6.83%; Industry = 7.05% – ROE = (profit before taxes/tangible net worth) = 21.64%; Industry = 17.22%

30. Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Essentials of Corporate Finance by Ross, Trayler, Bird, Westerfield & Jordan Slides prepared by Rowan Trayler 3-29 Quick Quiz How do you standardise balance sheets and income statements and why is standardisation useful? What are the major categories of ratios and how do you compute specific ratios within each category? What are the major determinants of a firm’s growth potential? What are some of the problems associated with financial statement analysis?