1. Network Overview

2. Protocol Protocol (network protocols) - a special set of rules that define communication between two or more devices on a network.

3. Port Port - is best defined as an opening that allows network traffic to pass through. Here are some examples: Telnet = 23 Sat Telnet (ASA) = 5023 SSH = 22 Sat Telnet(ASA) = 5022 FTP = 21 SFTP = 22 HTTP = 80 HTTPS= 443

4. Virtualization Virtualization means creating a software version of something such as operating systems, networks etc. VLAN - virtually separates a network. VM - is a self contained operating environment that behaves like a separate computer.

5. Telnet versus SSH Telnet - (port 23) - allows a user to remotely access another computer. SSH (Secure Socket Shell) - (port 22) - a secure way of accessing a computer remotely.

6. FTP versus SFTP FTP – (port 21) - a protocol that allow file transfers between computers. SFTP – (port 22) - a secure protocol that allows file transfers between computers. TFTP – (port 69) - ( Trivial File Transfer Protocol) a connectionless form of file transfer, which allows files to transfer quicker.

7. HTTP versus HTTPS HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - (port 80) - a protocol for transferring files over the web. HTTPS (HTTP Secure) - (port 443) - secure communication over the network.

8. Server versus Gateway Server - a computer that provides resources to clients on the network. Gateway – a computer or software that connects network environments so that communication can occur. Media gateway - protocol converter that allows devices running PSTN protocols to communicate with devices on the Internet.

9. Router versus Switch Router - a device that routes packets through the network. Switch - a device that forwards frames.

10. Patch, Firmware and Software Patch - software that fixes issues in a program or operating system. Firmware - software program or a set of instructions on a device. Software - programs used to operate the system.

11. DNS Domain Name System - (port 53) - a protocol that translates domain names into IP addresses. Here is an example of how to identify a website’s IP address: Traceroute has started… traceroute: Warning: www.google.com has multiple addresses; using 63.117.14.152 traceroute to www.google.com (63.117.14.152), 64 hops max, 72 byte packets 1 wireless_broadband_router (192.168.1.1) 2.551 ms 1.013 ms 4.988 ms 2 lo0-100.nycmny-vfttp-381.verizon-gni.net (100.37.197.1) 5.692 ms 6.386 ms 6.122 ms 3 t1-10-0-12.nycmny-lcr-22.verizon-gni.net (130.81.16.230) 11.696 ms 13.116 ms 11.415 ms 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 0.ae2.gw2.ewr19.alter.net (140.222.233.91) 8.984 ms 10.457 ms 9.418 ms 7 google-gw.customer.alter.net (63.65.164.82) 8.979 ms 13.826 ms 12.993 ms 8 152.14.117.63.piscataway.google-ggc.verizon.com (63.117.14.152) 11.883 ms 11.669 ms 12.244 ms

12. DHCP versus Static IP address DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - (port 67) - is a network protocol that enables a server to assign IP addresses. Static IP address - allows you to assign an IP address to a device.

13. Ping Utility Ping - a software utility to test a reachable host on an Internet network. PING 192.168.1.3 (192.168.1.3): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.121 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.071 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.169 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.069 ms --- 192.168.1.3 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 11 packets received, 0.0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.063/0.110/0.169/0.037 ms

14. IP Address IP address – is used by the Internet Protocol that identifies devices on the network. IPV4 - a 32 bit number that is represented in a four part number (192.168.3.1). IPV6 - a 128-bit addressing scheme. 3FFE:0B00:0800:0002:0000:0000:0000:000C

15. Public Versus Private Public IP address- is on the Public Internet whatismyip.com Private IP address- is on a Private Intranet

16. IPV4

17. IPV4

18. IPv4

19. IPv4 - Private Address Private AddressDefault Subnet Mask Class A10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 Class B172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 255.255.0.0 Class C192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 255.255.255.0

20. IPv4 - Class C Classless Inter- Domain Routing (CIDR) notation Subnet MaskNetwork s IP address per network Host /24255.255.255.0256254 /25255.255.255.1282128126 /26255.255.255.19246462 /27255.255.255.22483230 /28255.255.255.24016 14 /29255.255.255.2483286 /30255.255.255.2526442

21. IPv4 Number of Networks Network ID Host RangeBroadcast 1192.168.1.0192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 Number of Network Network IDHost RangeBroadcast 1192.168.1.0192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127 2192.168.1.128192.168.1.129 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 /24 /25

22. IPv4 NetworkNetwork IDRange of Host Broadcast 1192.168.1.0192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.62 192.168.1.63 2192.168.1.64192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127 3192.168.1.128192.168.1.129 – 192.168.1.190 192.168.1.191 4192.168.1.192192.168.1.193 - 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 /26

23. IPv4 NetworkNetwork IDRange of HostBroadcast 1192.168.1.0192.168.1.1- 192.168.1.30 192.168.1.31 2192.168.1.32192.168.1.33- 192.168.1.63 3192.168.1.64192.168.1.65- 192.168.1.94 192.168.1.95 4192.168.1.96192.168.1.97 – 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127 5192.168.1.128192.168.1.129- 192.168.1.158 192.168.1.159 6192.168.1.160192.168.1.161- 192.168.1.190 192.168.1.191 7192.168.1.192192.168.1.193 192.168.1.222 192.168.1.223 8192.168.1.224192.168.1.225- 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 /27