1. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Professional Nursing Practice Concepts and Perspectives Seventh Edition Chapter 2 Socialization to Professional Nursing Roles

2. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2.1 Discuss professionalism and nursing. 2.2 Describe socialization to professional nursing. 2.3 Compare socialization models. 2.4 Analyze elements of and boundaries for nursing roles. 2.5 Discuss ways to manage role stress and strain while enhancing professional identity. Learning Objectives

3. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Hallmark Features A focus on foundational knowledge related to professional nursing –Includes nursing history, nursing theory, ethics, legal aspects, etc. An overview of professional nursing roles, issues, and changes in the profession –Discusses nurses as healthcare providers, learners and teachers, and leaders

4. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Challenges and Opportunities Multiple levels of entry into the position Gaps between education and practice Professional identity, job, career

5. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 2.1 Discuss professionalism and nursing.

6. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nursing as a Profession A profession is distinguished from other kinds of occupations by –Requirement of specialized training –Orientation toward service, either to a community or an organization The standards are determined by its members

7. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nursing as a Profession The education involves a complete socialization process Debates about whether nursing is a profession

8. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Challenges for the Nursing Profession Level of entry into practice –Multiple levels  Associate degree  Diploma  Baccalaureate degree Gaps between education and practice Professional identity: job versus career

9. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nursing as a Discipline and Profession History and trends in the education of nursing –Earliest type of education was in hospitals –Emergence of baccalaureate and associate degree programs –Shift from diploma (hospital-based) programs to associate and baccalaureate

10. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nursing as a Discipline and Profession ANA 1965 position paper –Proposing master’s degree as minimum education for entry-level nurse Definition of profession, six conceptualizations –A discipline is a branch of knowledge –Disciplines are divided  Academic – research and education

11. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Professional Component of Clinical Practice Standards of clinical nursing practice –Reflect values and priorities –Provide direction for professional nursing practice –Provide a framework for evaluation

12. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Define the Profession’s Accountability ANA established standards of clinical nursing practice –Six standards of practice known as nursing process –Nine standards of professional performance

13. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 2.2 Describe socialization to professional nursing.

14. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Professional Socialization Socialization is a learned process Professional socialization is to internalize a professional identity Social control is intrinsic –Capacity of a social group to regulate itself through conformity and adherence to group norms  Sanctions are used to enforce norms  Norms become internalized standards

15. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Professional Socialization Agents of socialization are the people who initiate the socialization process –Children – family, teachers, peers, media –Adults – superiors, subordinates in the workplace, peers, people of other social groups –Nursing students – clients, faculty, health professionals, and professional colleagues –Nursing – preceptors, mentors, staff development on the job

16. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 2.3 Compare socialization models.

17. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Process of Professional Socialization Models that describe the process of socialization –Simpson –Hinshaw –Davis

18. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Process of Professional Socialization Simpson Model –Three phases  Proficiency  Attachment  Internalization

19. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Process of Professional Socialization Hinshaw Model –Three phases  Transition  Attachment  Internalization Values and standards

20. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Process of Professional Socialization Davis Model –Six stages  Initial innocence  Labeled recognition of incongruity  “Psyching out”  Role simulation  Provisional internalization  Stable internalization

21. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Process of Professional Socialization Ongoing professional socialization and resocialization –Process does not terminate with graduation or start of a new job

22. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Process of Professional Socialization Three models of career stages or development –Kramer’s Postgraduate Resocialization Model  Reality shock –Dalton’s Career Stages Model  Development of competencies derived from experience –Benner’s Stages from Novice to Expert  Implications of teaching and learning

23. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 2.4 Analyze elements of and boundaries for nursing roles.

24. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Theory Role theory emerged from sociology A role is a set of expectations associated with a position in society

25. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Theory Elements of roles –Ideal  The socially prescribed or agreed-upon rights and responsibilities associated with the role –Perceived  How a person believes he or she should behave in this role –Performed  What the person actually does

26. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Theory Role performance factors include –Health status –Personal and professional values –Needs of clients and support persons –Politics of employing agency

27. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Theory Role transition is the process by which a person assumes or develops a new role Two components associated with role behaviors –Norms –Values

28. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Theory Role transition is influenced by many factors –Individual –Interpersonal –Organizational

29. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Boundaries for Nursing Roles Five determinants form boundaries for nursing roles –Theoretical and conceptual frameworks –The nursing process –Standards of nursing practice –Nursing practice acts –National and international codes of ethics

30. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 2.5 Discuss ways to manage role stress and strain while enhancing professional identity.

31. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Stress and Role Strain Factors associated with role stress for nurses –Little control in the job –High demands –Few supportive relationships

32. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Stress and Role Strain Role stress may create role strain –Common role stress problems  Role ambiguity  Role conflict  Role incongruity  Role overload or underload  Role overqualification or underqualification

33. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Stress and Role Strain Four major causes for role conflict for nurses –Professional bureaucratic work conflict –Different views concerning what nursing is and should be –Discrepancy between the nursing and medical view of what the nurse’s role should be

34. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Role Stress and Role Strain Strategies for relieving role stress –Priority setting and time management –Rewriting job descriptions for clarity –Integrating multiple roles into a larger whole

35. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Characteristics of a Positive Self-Concept Characteristics of a person with a positive self- concept –Future orientation –Copes with life’s problems and disappointments –Helps others and accepts help –Can see and value uniqueness in all individuals –Feels emotion but does not allow feelings to affect behavior

36. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Characteristics of a Positive Self-Concept To develop a positive self-concept –Accept your present self but have a better self in mind –Set attainable goals –Develop expertise

37. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Preventing Burnout Personal goal setting –Long- and short-term goals Problem identification –What is causing the stress Problem-solving strategies –See Table 2–3 Time management skills –Delegation

38. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 2-3 Strategies for Stress Reduction and Time Management PersonalProfessional Care for yourself Exercise regularly Have a healthy diet Get adequate sleep and rest Examine your lifestyle Build time for relaxation activities such as meditation and yoga Reflect on what has been helpful in the past Budget time according to priorities Develop new coping skills Let go of perfectionism Let go of the need to do it all Attend time-management workshop Attend assertiveness program Continue education to develop expertise in areas that give you satisfaction Select employment thoughtfully Compare your values to the agency’s mission Know your competencies and make a match Participate in policy development opportunities Join committees that contribute to governance Participate in organizational structure to target problematic job and role design Use negotiation skills Seek win-win resolutions to conflict Manage your role positively Network with colleagues Communicate clearly Support excellence in practice Be a self-advocate; use positive self-talk Develop good delegation skills Participate in support groups