1. The Industrial Revolution 1850-1900

3.  License to make, use, or sell an invention 1790-1860 36,000 issued 1860-1890 500,000 issued

4.  No indoor electric lights  No refrigeration  In 1860, most mail from the East Coast took ten days to reach the Midwest and three weeks to get to the West Coast. A letter from Europe to a person on the frontier could take several months to reach its destination.

5.  Power stations across the country began providing electricity for lamps, fans, printing presses, and many other appliances.

6.  Drilling for Oil  Needed for factories to run efficiently  Drilling was quicker. cheaper, and created a much larger supply than digging ditches or melting animal fat

7.  Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse

8.  Invented by Alexander Graham Bell

9.  By 1900, there were 1.5 million telephones in use all over the country, and Western Union Telegraph was sending roughly 63 million messages.

10.  Adhered to a policy of “Social Darwinism”, as it applied to business practices

11.  Based on Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (1859) regarding natural selection and the survival of the fittest  Businessmen are justified in using any means necessary to become rich and powerful, and the government should stay out!

12. Formed Standard Oil Company

13.  Wealthy individual who made his fortune in oil industry  Made illegal deals with railroads to transport oil cheaper, thus weakening other refineries that he would eventually buy  Utilized horizontal consolidation for business purposes

15.  In 1856, Henry Bessemer receives a patent on a process that made steel production easier and less expensive.  The Bessemer process made possible the mass production of steel.

18.  Made his fortune in steel production  Used Bessemer Process to produce stronger steel  Utilized vertical consolidation for business purposes  Born in Scotland

19.  A Philanthropist uses wealth to improve society  Carnegie funded the building of libraries, education facilities, and music/arts facilities

20.  Philosophy that states a person should be able to make as much money as they can, BUT they should also use their wealth to improve society.

22.  Business leaders who made their fortunes by taking advantage of the public  They drained natural resources and charged high prices

23.  They persuaded public officials to interpret laws in their favor.  They ruthlessly drove their competitors to ruin. They paid their workers meager wages and forced them to toil under dangerous and unhealthful conditions.

24.  Three business practices exemplified the philosophy of Social Darwinism  Monopolies  Cartels  Trusts

25.  Monopoly (Vertical Consolidation) one company completely controls a product or a service, from the means of production, to manufacturing, to transportation, and sales

26.  Bob’s Pizza  Using Vertical Consolidation, Bob could control the Pizza market in town by controlling many of the costs associated with making his pizza! Bob’s Pizza Bob’s Farm Bob’s Cheese Factory Bob’s Trucking Company

27.  Monopoly (Horizontal Consolidation) One company buys out each of their competitors, and therefore owns every outlet for a certain product

28.  Using Horizontal Consolidation, Bob could control the Pizza market in town by buying the other Pizza shops! Bob’s Pizza MOT Pizza Rizzo Pizza Pizza Shack Bob’s Pizza

29.  Cartel – a loose association of businesses in a similar field or that make the same product and agree to limit supply to drive up prices

30.  Trust multiple company’s selling the same product agreed that rather than compete with each other over prices and profits, they would agree to set their prices, and then split the profits evenly

31.  Still practiced the theory of Social Darwinism to a certain extent to increase their fortunes, but:  They increased the supply of goods by building factories.  They raised productivity and expanded markets, further lowering prices

32.  They created jobs at decent wages and in safe factories that enabled many Americans to buy new goods and raise their standard of living. They also funded museums, libraries, and universities, many of which still serve the public today. Carnegie Hall

33.  Setup research lab  Created a system for producing and distributing electrical power

34.  Perfected the light bulb

35.  Developed the phonograph

36.  Developed the motion picture camera

37.  Helped make electricity safer and less expensive by funding Nikola Tesla (AC Current) More effective air brakes for trains Developed a way to transmit it long distances (Transformers)

38.  Electric sewing machine Cameras Refrigerator

39.  Mechanical Reapers  Sod busting plows  Mechanized tractors

40. The Brooklyn Bridge, designed with steel cables suspended from high towers, was made possible by mass production.

41.  Designed & started building the Brooklyn Bridge- 1 st suspension

42.  It took another innovation to begin the transformation of cities

43. Strong steel plus elevators mean that America’s teeming cities can now grow upwards!

44.  Automobile – Henry Ford made the car more affordable by using the assembly line  Assembly line – process where each worker does one task in the making of a final product

46.  When someone completes one task as part of the job  Positive: increases productivity for businesses  Negative: workers no longer take pride in work and removes creativity

47. He may never work on shoes!

48.  Organized and systemized factories  Goal: to get workers to produce more in less time

49.  The growth and contraction of a nation’s economy  A new concept in the mid-late 1800s

51.  While big business urged the federal government to adopt a Laissez-Faire attitude, many consumers and workers called for a “Social Welfare” policy to be enforced

52.  It is the government’s responsibility to control big businesses in order guarantee quality products at fair prices for consumers, and fair pay and decent hours for workers

54.  Enacted in 1890  Effort by Congress to end trusts  Ineffective due to lack of enforcement

55.  Send children as young as age 6 to work  Force children to leave school  Ask for aid from a private charity (church, etc.) because  Government Welfare is non- existent at this time!

56.  Typically 12 hours/day, 6 days/week  After 1868 Government employees were guaranteed an 8 hour day (did not apply to private businesses)

57.  Used by some companies  Paid by how many items you produce  Faster workers made more $

58.  Organized and systemized factories  Goal: to get workers to produce more in less time

59.  Illustrated the negative impact of children working in mines and factories  Published photos of working children in How the Other Half Lives  Wrote Children of the Poor

60.  Traveled around the country to photograph child workers in factories, mills, mines, and canneries.  Documented the plight of working children  Photos were used as evidence ( to the public and government ) of the need for child labor reform

61.  Journalist who investigated and exposed misconduct among political and/or business leaders

62.  Focused on Drilling, shipping, refining, and the sale of oil

63.  Ida’s father was forced out of business by Standard Oil  Perhaps this was revenge???