1. Green Chemistry and Ships Copyright 2010 Beyond Benign. All rights reserved image by stockarch - stockarch.com

2. The job of green chemist Problem solver

3. The Problem with the hulls of ships Barnacles adhere to ships and make them slower Anti-foulants that are used to stop the barnacles adhering to the ships are toxic Flickr User Alison Domzalski (Creative Commons)

4. What is a Foulant? Algae Seaweed Barnacles Diatoms By Ryan Heinrichs (Bdelloidea) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

5. The cost to industry Increased fuel consumption due to drag $3 billion/year Increased time in dry-dock in order to clean the hull $2.7 billion/year By MichaelMaggs (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

6. The cost to the environment Increased use of petroleum – a non-renewable resource The anti-foulant Tributyltin Oxide (TBTO) that is mixed with the paint and applied to the hulls of ships leaches over time and creates the following environmental concerns: –Increases thickness of oyster shells –Precipitates sex changes in whelks –Impotence in snails –Compromises the immune systems of sea mammals image by stockarch - stockarch.com

7. Sea-Nine 211 Replaces the TBTO with 4,5-dichloro-2-n- octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOI)

8. Specified Bioconcentration The DCO1 is highly toxic to target organisms that come into contact with the hull of the ship –algae and diatoms at concentrations of around 10 ppb –barnacle larvae at ppm levels Hummelhummel [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

9. Low Bioavailability After leaching from the hull of the ship, the DCO1 binds tightly or adsorbs to ocean sediments making it less bioavailable By Felipe Skroski (originally posted to Flickr as underwater world) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

10. Rapid Biodegradation Sea-Nine 211 only last less than one hour in the water The DCO1 on the hull is toxic but what leaches off reacts with the sea water to degrade quickly

11. Calculating the Risk RQ = PEC/PNEC (Risk Quotient ) (predicted no-effect concentration / predicted environmental concentration) the RQ of a substance should be <1 the RQ for organotin antifoulants is 15-430 indicating a significant risk to marine life the RQ of DCOI ranges from.024 to.36 indicating that environmental concentrations of DCOI should pose little risk of toxicity to marine organisms By Steaphan Greene (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

12. Can you see any other applications for Sea-Nine 211 technology? By JaeSharp at English Wikipedia [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons