1. 1 Analysis on the Life-and-death Attitude of Nursing and Social Work Bachelor Program Students in One Institute of Macao Wang Yan Macao Polytechnic Institute

2. 2 Background Macao is a Special Administration Region of the People ’ s Republic of China Macao is a Special Administration Region of the People ’ s Republic of China With the development of economy, people is under great pressure in life, and accidents hurting life happens usually With the development of economy, people is under great pressure in life, and accidents hurting life happens usually There is no research on the life-and-death attitude of Macao people There is no research on the life-and-death attitude of Macao people There is no systematic life-and-death education in the universities of Macao, even in the nursing school There is no systematic life-and-death education in the universities of Macao, even in the nursing school

3. 3 Facing the intense life-and-death incidents in clinical practises, nursing students facing sadness, anxiety, depression, and fear Facing the intense life-and-death incidents in clinical practises, nursing students facing sadness, anxiety, depression, and fear To explore the life-and-death education curriculum, baseline of the life-and-death attitude of students is necessary To explore the life-and-death education curriculum, baseline of the life-and-death attitude of students is necessary Students of social work program also need to handle with life-and-death incidents, so our research include two majors: nursing and social work Students of social work program also need to handle with life-and-death incidents, so our research include two majors: nursing and social work

4. 4 Purpose To describe and analysis the life-and-death attitude of bachelor students from nursing/social work programs of one Macao institute To describe and analysis the life-and-death attitude of bachelor students from nursing/social work programs of one Macao institute

5. 5 Method Scale of Life Attitude, developed by Manying XIE Scale of Life Attitude, developed by Manying XIE The scale is made up of 70 items, dividing into 6 dimensions The scale is made up of 70 items, dividing into 6 dimensions Ideal Ideal Autonomy Autonomy Existence Existence Love-and-care Love-and-care Life experiences Life experiences Death attitude Death attitude

6. 6 The basic information in this scale include The basic information in this scale include Gender Gender Program Program Religion status Religion status Family background (income, status of discussing death in family) Family background (income, status of discussing death in family) Death experience Death experience Suicide idea Suicide idea Self-evaluation of relationship Self-evaluation of relationship Consideration on life-and-death Consideration on life-and-death

7. 7 The higher score means the more positive attitude The higher score means the more positive attitude The Cronbach ’ s alpha is.94 The Cronbach ’ s alpha is.94 The retest reliability is.91 The retest reliability is.91

8. 8 A census was carried out in 425 students A census was carried out in 425 students 338 effective scales were collected 338 effective scales were collected Nursing students: 209 (M:48, F:161) Nursing students: 209 (M:48, F:161) Social work students:129 (M:33, F:96) Social work students:129 (M:33, F:96)

9. 9 The total score and the scores of every dimensions were calculated The total score and the scores of every dimensions were calculated t-test and analysis of Variance were carried out t-test and analysis of Variance were carried out

10. 10 Results & Discussion Program Program NMeanSDtP Nursing129341.842.31.948.052 Social work 209351.042.3 Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

11. 11 There is no difference between nursing and social work students in the score of life-and-death attitude There is no difference between nursing and social work students in the score of life-and-death attitude Scores of social work students are higher than nursing students (P<.05) in the dimensions of existence and love-and-care Scores of social work students are higher than nursing students (P<.05) in the dimensions of existence and love-and-care

12. 12 Gender Gender NMeanSDtP Male81339.842.01.355.178 Female257347.142.5 Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

13. 13 There is no difference between male and female in the score of life-and-death attitude There is no difference between male and female in the score of life-and-death attitude Scores of female are higher than male (P<.05) in the dimension of love-and-care Scores of female are higher than male (P<.05) in the dimension of love-and-care

14. 14 Religions status Religions status NMeanSDtP Not having religion 283341.640.93.738.000 Having religion 55364.545.5 Scores of students having religion are higher than students having none religion (P<.05) in the dimensions of ideal, autonomy, love-and-care, life experience and death attitude Scores of students having religion are higher than students having none religion (P<.05) in the dimensions of ideal, autonomy, love-and-care, life experience and death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

15. 15 Family income Family income NMeanSDtP Low177343.440.70.865.388 High161347.444.3 Scores of students from high income family is higher than students from low income family (P<.05) in the dimensions of ideal, autonomy, and love-and-care Scores of students from high income family is higher than students from low income family (P<.05) in the dimensions of ideal, autonomy, and love-and-care Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

16. 16 Status of discussing death in family Status of discussing death in family NMeanSDFP Never(1)42334.043.32.347.097 Seldom(2)168344.541.0 Frankly(3)128350.043.6 There is significant difference between students from different families (status of discussing death) in the dimension of death attitude (P 2>1) There is significant difference between students from different families (status of discussing death) in the dimension of death attitude (P 2>1) Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

17. 17 Self-evaluation relationships Self-evaluation relationships Scores of students having good relationship are higher than students having bad relationship (P<.05) in the dimensions of ideal, autonomy,existence, and love-and- care Scores of students having good relationship are higher than students having bad relationship (P<.05) in the dimensions of ideal, autonomy,existence, and love-and- care NMeanSDFP Bad11305.832.517.381.000 Common172333.840.2 Good143359.339.2 Very good 12379.643.0 Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

18. 18 Death experience Death experience NMeanSDtP Not have 43339.545.8.961.337 Have295346.242.0 Scores of students with death experience is higher than students without death experience (P<.05) in the dimension of love-and-care Scores of students with death experience is higher than students without death experience (P<.05) in the dimension of love-and-care Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

19. 19 Suicide idea Suicide idea Scores of students having different frequency of suicide idea is significantly different (P<.05) in the dimensions of existence Scores of students having different frequency of suicide idea is significantly different (P<.05) in the dimensions of existence NMeanSDFP Never196346.640.4.718.488 Once87346.545.8 More than once 55339.044.3 Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

20. 20 Consideration on the life-and-death Consideration on the life-and-death NMeanSDtP None105332.139.03.935.000 Yes233351.342.7 Scores of students having consideration on life-and- death are higher than students having none consideration on life-and-death (P<.05) in all dimensions Scores of students having consideration on life-and- death are higher than students having none consideration on life-and-death (P<.05) in all dimensions Score of life-and-death attitude Score of life-and-death attitude

21. 21 Conculsions Although no evidence shows that social work students have more positive life-and-death attitude than nursing students, there are still some differences in the dimensions of existence and love-and-care: scores of social work students are higher than nursing students Although no evidence shows that social work students have more positive life-and-death attitude than nursing students, there are still some differences in the dimensions of existence and love-and-care: scores of social work students are higher than nursing students

22. 22 Religion and good relationship are positive factors on the people ’ s life-and-death attitude Religion and good relationship are positive factors on the people ’ s life-and-death attitude Religion and good relationships can help the people to construct his own life-and-death attitude, console the negative moods from death, and increase the positive attitude towards life Religion and good relationships can help the people to construct his own life-and-death attitude, console the negative moods from death, and increase the positive attitude towards life

23. 23 Students from the low income families may be inclined to have no ideal for the future, have bad autonomy because of the economic pressures, and lose their wills to love and care about others Students from the low income families may be inclined to have no ideal for the future, have bad autonomy because of the economic pressures, and lose their wills to love and care about others Frank death discussion between families can help people to construct positive death attitude Frank death discussion between families can help people to construct positive death attitude

24. 24 People having death experiences are easier to show their love and care to others People having death experiences are easier to show their love and care to others Teachers may avoid students ’ suicide by helping students to feel their existence Teachers may avoid students ’ suicide by helping students to feel their existence Deeply consideration about life-and-death will help people to construct a positive life-and- death attitude Deeply consideration about life-and-death will help people to construct a positive life-and- death attitude

25. 25 Thank you!