1. The PRC Empire: Centers and Peripheries HI 168: Lecture 17 Dr. Howard Chiang

2. OVERVIEW -The ‘Sinophone’ World -Mongolia -Tibet -Xinjiang -Hong Kong -Taiwan -Beijing

3. Sinophone World

5. Mongolia -Inner Mongolia - 1911to 1927: no central government -Outer Mongolia - 1911 – end of Qing/Manchu – independence? - 1911 – delegation of Mongol Princes - 1911 – under the support of Tsarist Russia, a sovereign Mongolia declared independence - 1920 – Chinese almost won back Mongolia - 1921 to 1924 – Mongolia was a constitutional monarchy and became a People’s Republic - the only frontier free of Chinese control

6. 13 th Dalai Lama: Tubten Gyatso (1876-1933) Fled twice: -1903-4: Mongolia -1910: Darjeeling 1912-1951: Tibet’s de facto independence from China Tibet

7. Tibet -1951: Seventeen Point Agreement - formalized China’s sovereignty -1959: China’s crackdown on Tibetan rebels led to the Uprising of Lhasa (the Tibetan capital) – Dalai Lama retreated to India -1965: an autonomous region of the PRC -Cultural Revolution: attacks on Tibetan Buddhism and its material culture under the slogan of ‘destroying the Four Olds’ (old customs, habits, cultures, and thinking) - Tibetan = old; Chinese = new, progressive

8. Tibet -1976: Death of Mao in September - relative liberalization -1987-9: a wave of demonstrations for independence -1989: Chinese declared Martial Law - controversy over Penchen Lama selection -2000: Tibet claimed that the Beijing government aimed at ‘total destruction’ -2006: Qinghai-Tibet Railroad - a continuation/reconsolidation of early modern Qing colonial enterprises?

9. Xinjiang was formally incorporated into the Chinese empire as a province in 1884 1911 to 1928: ruled by the Chinese governor Yang Zengxin Mid-1930s to mid-1940s: under the control of Muslim warlord Ma Zhongying Xinjiang Yang Ma

10. Xinjiang -1944-1949: Eastern Turkestan Republic -1949: Chinese Communist Party - 8 ETR leaders died on their way to Beijing -1955: an autonomous region of the PRC -1958 to 1971: radical policies and criticisms -Muslim Uyghur resistance: - the Khotan rising in 1954 - East. Turkestan People’s Revolutionary Party - climaxed in the 1980s and 1990s - the Urumqi Riots in July 2009 -Chinese regulation: - Chinese Islamic Association

11. Hong Kong -December 1941 to August 1945: Japanese Occupation of HK (‘3 years and 8 months’) -After WWII: returned to Britain instead of the Nationalists (under Chiang Kai-shek) -Anticipated eventual handover (in 1997) led to a priority placed on economic development -Near the end of the Chinese Civil War (1945- 49): a mass migration to the South from mainland, because HK became a ‘shield’ from communist China

12. Hong Kong -Since 1976: Deng Xiaoping’s economic reform & ‘opening up’ -Negotiations between British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and China’s leader Deng -In theory, difference between: - Hong Kong Island – ceded to Britain in perpetuity since 1842 - Kowloon Peninsula – ceded to Britain in 1860 - the New Territories – 99 year lease since 1898 -Sino-British Joint Declaration on HK: September 29, 1984

13. Margaret Thatcher in Beijing, 1982

14. Hong Kong -Thatcher discusses HK’s future prior to handover to China (1:24-9:49): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ2AJGoPZSA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ2AJGoPZSA -Under the Joint Agreement: - HK returned on July 1, 1997 - Special Administrative Region (SAR) – enjoy a considerable degree of autonomy in all questions with the exception of foreign policy and matters connected with defense - “one country, two systems” – also for Taiwan? - Tung Chee-hwa ( 董建華 ) replaced Chris Pattern -Macao returned to China in December 1999

15. Retrocession of Taiwan in Taipei, October 1945

16. Taiwan -Cold War in Asia - Nationalist Taiwan vs. Communist China -Nationalist/GMD arrival in Taiwan - military officer and civilian administrators established themselves as new elites - excluded native aborigines and the ‘indigenous’ Taiwanese from political power -Conflicts between the ‘indigenous’ Taiwanese and the new GMD Han Chinese since 1945 -GMD ‘enemy’ changed from the CCP to the Taiwanese Democratic Progress Party (allowed only after 1987)

17. Chen Shui-bien 2000-2008 (DPP) Ma Ying-jeou 2008-2016 (GMD)

18. Sichuan Earthquake, May 12, 2008 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJBYxxQwTZohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJBYxxQwTZo (0’00 to 5’20) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJBYxxQwTZo

19. Beijing Olympics, August 8-24, 2008 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ii-n_QSS0og

20. Beijing at 2008 -Sichuan Earthquake on May 12 -Beijing Olympics: August 8-24 -Shenzhou 7 ( 神舟七號 ): September 25-28 Hu Jintao PRC President 2003-2013