1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 18 The System

2. Function of the Respiratory System Slide 13.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Oversees (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment  Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the (only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways)  Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming  Shares responsibility with system

3. Organs of the Respiratory system Slide 13.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  N  P  L  T  B  Lungs – Figure 13.1

4. Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

5. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  O receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface  The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory  Moistens  Traps incoming

6. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lateral walls have projections called conchae  Increases  Increases air turbulence within the cavity  The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the  Anterior hard palate ( )  Posterior soft palate ( )

7. Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity  F  S  E  M

8. Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Function of the  Lighten the  Act as r chambers for speech  Produce that drains into the nasal cavity

9. Pharynx (Throat) Slide 13.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to l  Three regions of the pharynx  N – superior region behind nasal cavity  O – middle region behind mouth  Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to l  The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways

10. Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

11. Structures of the Pharynx Slide 13.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A tubes enter the nasopharynx  Tonsils of the  Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the  Palatine in the oropharynx  Lingual tonsils at the base of the

12. Larynx (Voice Box) Slide 13.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Routes air and food into proper  Plays a role in  Made of rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

13. Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thyroid  Largest cartilage  Protrudes anteriorly ( )  Epiglottis  Superior opening of the  Routes food to the larynx and air toward the

14. Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vocal cords ( )  Vibrate with expelled air to create sound ( )  G – opening between vocal cords

15. Trachea ( ) Slide 13.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Connects larynx with  Lined with mucosa  Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming  Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from  Walls are reinforced with C-shaped cartilage

16. Primary Bronchi Slide 13.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Formed by division of the  Enters the lung at the (medial depression)  Right is wider, shorter, and straighter than left  Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller

17. Lungs Slide 13.12a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Occupy most of the cavity  is near the clavicle (superior portion)  Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)  Each lung is divided into lobes by  Left lung – lobes  Right lung – lobes

18. Lungs Slide 13.12b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.4b

19. Coverings of the Lungs Slide 13.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulmonary ( ) pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of to allow gliding

20. Respiratory Tree Divisions Slide 13.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  P  S  T  Bronchioli  T bronchioli

21. Bronchioles Slide 13.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.5a  branches of the bronchi

22. Bronchioles Slide 13.15b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.5a  All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage

23. Bronchioles Slide 13.15c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Terminal bronchioles end in Figure 13.5a

24. Respiratory Zone Slide 13.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Structures  R bronchioli  A  Alveoli  Site of

25. Alveoli Slide 13.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Structure of alveoli  A  G

26. Respiratory Membrane ( ) Slide 13.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thin squamous layer lining alveolar walls  Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of

27. Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Slide 13.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.6

28. Gas Exchange Slide 13.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by  Oxygen enters the  Carbon dioxide enters the  M add protection  S coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

29. Events of Respiration Slide 13.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulmonary – moving air in and out of the lungs  External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and

30. Events of Respiration Slide 13.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the  Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in

31. Mechanics of (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Completely process  Depends on volume changes in the cavity  Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to pressure

32. Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two phases  I – flow of air into lung  E – air leaving lung

33. Inspiration Slide 13.22a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Diaphragm and muscles contract  The size of the thoracic cavity  External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in

34. Inspiration Slide 13.22b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7a

35. Exhalation Slide 13.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung  As muscles, air is pushed out of the lungs  Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the

36. Exhalation Slide 13.23b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7b

37. Nonrespiratory Air Movements Slide 13.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Can be caused by reflexes or  Examples  Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris  L  C  Y  H

38. Respiratory Volumes and Slide 13.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Normal breathing moves about ml of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])  Many factors that affect respiratory capacity  A person’s  S  A  P  Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about ml of air remains in the lungs

39. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Inspiratory reserve volume ( )  Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal  Usually between and ml  Expiratory reserve volume ( )  Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled  Approximately

40. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Residual volume  Air remaining in lung after  About

41. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vital  The total amount of exchangeable air  Vital capacity =  Dead space volume  Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches  About

42. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  volume  Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone  Usually about  Respiratory capacities are measured with a

43. Respiratory Capacities Slide 13.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.9

44. Respiratory Sounds Slide 13.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sounds are monitored with a  Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing through  breathing sounds – soft sounds of air filling alveoli

45. External Respiration Slide 13.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Oxygen movement into the  The always has more oxygen than the blood  Oxygen moves by towards the area of lower concentration  Pulmonary capillary blood gains

46. External Respiration Slide 13.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Carbon dioxide movement out of the  Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of than air in the alveoli  P capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide  Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and

47. Gas Transport in the Blood Slide 13.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  transport in the blood  Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [ ])  A small amount is carried dissolved in the

48. Gas Transport in the Blood Slide 13.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Carbon dioxide transport in the blood  Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion ( )  A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on, but at different binding sites than those of

49. Internal Respiration Slide 13.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Exchange of gases between blood and  An opposite reaction to what occurs in the  Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to  Oxygen diffuses from blood into

50. Internal Respiration Slide 13.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.11

51. External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Respiration Summary Slide 13.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.10

52. Neural Regulation of Respiration Slide 13.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal  Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the  The appears to smooth out respiratory rate  Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is respirations per minute  is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs

53. Neural Regulation of Respiration Slide 13.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.12

54. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Slide 13.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Physical factors  Increased  E  T  C  Volition ( )  factors

55. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Slide 13.39a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Chemical factors  levels  Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for  Increased carbon dioxide increases  Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the

56. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Slide 13.39b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Chemical factors (continued)  Oxygen levels  Changes in oxygen concentration in the  are detected by chemoreceptors in the  and carotid artery  Information is sent to the

57. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and  Major causes of death and in the United States

58. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( ) Slide 13.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Features of these diseases  Patients almost always have a history of  Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively  Coughing and frequent pulmonary  are common

59. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.40c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Features of these diseases (continued)  Most victimes retain carbon dioxide, are and have respiratory acidosis  Those infected will ultimately develop

60. Emphysema Slide 13.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  enlarge as adjacent chambers break through  Chronic inflammation promotes lung  Airways collapse during  Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale  of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest  appears late in the disease

61. Chronic Bronchitis Slide 13.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely  production increases  Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and exchange  Risk of lung increases  P is common  Hypoxia and cyanosis occur

62. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.13

63. Lung Cancer Slide 13.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Accounts for of all cancer deaths in the United States  Increased incidence associated with  Three common types  S  A  S

64. Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS) Slide 13.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during  Some cases are thought to be a problem of the respiratory control center  One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm

65. Asthma Slide 13.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Chronic inflamed hypersensitive passages  Response to irritants with dyspnea (difficulty breathing), coughing, and

66. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Slide 13.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lungs are filled with fluid in the  Lungs are not fully with air until two weeks after birth  Surfactant that lowers surface tension is not present until late in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies

67. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Slide 13.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Important birth defects  C – oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system  C

68. Aging Effects Slide 13.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Elasticity of lungs  Vital decreases  Blood levels decrease  Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide  More risks of respiratory tract

69. Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life Slide 13.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Newborns – respirations per minute  Infants – respirations per minute  Age 5 – respirations per minute  Adults – respirations per minute  Rate often somewhat with old age