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Published byPiers Norris Modified over 8 years ago
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TOOLS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
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STATISTICS AND MODELS Objectives 1.Explain how scientists use statistics. 2.Explain why the size of a statistical sample is important. 3.Describe three types of models commonly used by scientists. 4.Explain the relationship between probability and risk. 5.Explain the importance of conceptual and mathematical models.
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HOW DO SCIENTISTS USE STATISTICS COLLECTIONS OF DATA THAT ARE IN THE FORM OF NUMBERS Used to summarize, characterize, analyze, and compare data Used to look at statistical populations
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Statistics with Populations Use statistics to describe statistical populations (a group of similar things that a scientists is interested in learning about)
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What is the Average? Populations are composted of individuals with different characteristics Often use the average (mean) when comparing populations
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The distribution the relative arrangement of the members of a statistical population
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What is the probability? What is the chance of something happening What is the probability of getting heads when you toss a coin? Why is sample size important?
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STATISTICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE Understanding the News The news contains statistics in everyday life. We have a 60% chance of rain today.
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Thinking about risk Probability of an unwanted outcome You do it everyday Crossing a street Not studying for a test Scientists calculate the risk to large communities of people in order to inform policy decisions in government Involve using data on historical events Projections for the future Scientific evidence for adverse outcomes Ex. The risk of getting cancer when exposed to pollution
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MODELS Representations of objects or systems
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Types of models Physical models DNA Model Skeleton cell
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Graphical Models Maps charts
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Conceptual Models A verbal or graphical explanation of how a system works or organized
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Mathematical Models One or more equations that represent the way a cystem or process works
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MAKING INFORMED DECISIONS Objectives 1.Describe three values that people consider when making decisions about the environment. 2.Describe the four steps in a simple environmental decision-making model. 3.Compare the short-term and long-term consequences of two decisions regarding a hypothetical environmental issue.
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING MODEL Conceptual model that provides a systematic process for making decisions
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How to use the Decision Making Model Gather Information Consider values Explore consequences Make your decision!
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