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US Croplands Richard Massey Dr Teki Sankey. Objectives 1.Classify annual cropland extent, Rainfed-Irrigated, and crop types for the US at 250m resolution.

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Presentation on theme: "US Croplands Richard Massey Dr Teki Sankey. Objectives 1.Classify annual cropland extent, Rainfed-Irrigated, and crop types for the US at 250m resolution."— Presentation transcript:

1 US Croplands Richard Massey Dr Teki Sankey

2 Objectives 1.Classify annual cropland extent, Rainfed-Irrigated, and crop types for the US at 250m resolution 2.Develop an automated classification algorithm

3 Data Overview 1.MODIS MOD09Q1 8-day composite tiles for band 1 and band 2 2.FAO Global Agro Ecological Zones (GAEZ) for spatial stratification 3.Cropland extent and crop type distribution derived from GCE v1.0 and NASS Cropland Data Layer (CDL) 4.MIrAD-US 2007 classification of Irrigated US

4 Data Overview: MODIS NDVI dataset 16-day NDVI time-series derived from MOD09Q1 band 1 and band 2 2160 tiles in each annual stacks (3.12 TB/year) 16-day maximum value NDVI composite layer stacks: 24/year Cloud filtering to minimize noise

5 Data Overview: Global Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) (Version 3.0, FAO, UN) AEZ2345678910111213Total Area (Mha)20.0108.9156.878.749.938.278.074.4121.868.311.90.8808.3 Crop Area (Mha)0.87.122.920.421.916.820.523.437.713.62.70.2178.9 US area percent2.413.519.49.76.24.79.69.215.18.51.50.1100.00% Cropland percent0.43.812.210.811.68.910.912.420.17.21.40.1100.00%

6 Data Overview: Cropland Data Layer (CDL) National Agricultural and Statistics Service, USDA Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops CDL 2008 Crop typeRainfed area (Mha) Percent area of Rainfed cropland (%) Irrigated area (Mha) Percent area of Irrigated cropland (%) Total cropland area (Mha) Percent area of total cropland (%) Corn-Soybean84.858.213.548.4102.957.3 Wheat-Barley31.921.95.118.237.620.9 Potato0.20.1 0.50.30.1 Alfalfa4.532.17.66.93.8 Cotton3.72.51.86.45.73.1 Rice0.50.31.03.41.60.9 Other Crops20.113.84.315.324.313.5 Total145.610027.9100178.9100

7 Data Overview: Sub-zones in AEZ Number of sub- zones: 298

8 Data Overview: Rainfed- Irrigated map MIrAD-2007 (Pervez and Brown, 2010) Percent area of US land under irrigation: 3% (27.9 Mha) Percent area of US croplands under irrigation: 22%

9 Temporal Extent: 2 approaches Year-specific classification 1.Cropland extent and crop type classification for 2008 and 2010 2.Classification Training: 2008: CDL crop type and extent from 2008 2010: CDL crop type and extent from 2010 Generalized Temporal Average (TA) 1.Cropland extent and crop type classification for 2008-2014 annually 2.Classification Training: Temporal Average 2008: Average Precipitation 2010: Above-average precipitation 2012: Below-average precipitation

10 Cropland extent Binary overlay of crop classes Samples and extent: Generalized TA Sub-zones NDVI stack (Rainfed-Irrigated) AEZ 2008 2010 2012 CDL stack 2008 2010 2012 CDL stack 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 CDL stack

11 Cropland extent: Generalized TA (CDL 2008-2014 Temporal Average)

12 NDVI Temporal Average Samples Random samples for each subzone (center of the field) 3000 max samples/subzone Proportion of each crop class was based on ratio of its cropland area across all three years. Sample pixels were divided into training (75%) and validation (25%) datasets AEZ: 6 sub-zone: 4, 2008AEZ: 10 sub-zone: 14, 2011

13 AEZ: 6 sub-zone: 4 AEZ: 10 sub-zone: 17 If NDVI 15 + NDVI 16 < 0.55 + 0.57 Corn-Soybean Wheat/Barley If NDVI 16 + NDVI 17 > 0.61 + 0.59 Cotton Decision Tree Classification Corn-Soybean If NDVI 13 + NDVI 14 < 0.49 + 0.45 Others

14 Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley CDL 2008 Classified image CDL 2008 Classified image AEZ: 6 sub-zone: 4, 2008 AEZ: 10 sub-zone: 14, 2011 CORN- SOYBEAN WHEAT- BARLEYTotal User-s Acc % CORN- SOYBEAN72,49526,23998,73473.42 WHEAT- BARLEY25,052121,498146,55082.90 Total97,547147,737245,284 Prod Acc %74.3182.23Overall81.1% CORN- SOYBEANCOTTONOthersTotalUser-s Acc % CORN- SOYBEAN12,8875,14898118,04371.64 COTTON5,00319,73819024,74176.06 Others1,0113802,0133,40465.12 Total18,89824,8863,08447,784 Prod Acc %72.0675.4163.19Overall76.3% Decision Tree Classification Corn-Soybean Cotton Others Corn-Soybean Cotton Others

15 Decision Tree Classification Sub-zones (n = 298) NDVI stack (Rainfed-Irrigated) Cropland extent Decision tree classification for each sub-zone Mosaicking all sub- zones together Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops Classified crop type map

16 Algorithm Overview: Generalized TA Divide each AEZ into sub-zones using CDL 2008, 2010, and 2014 Sample spectra for each sub-zone using CDL 2008, 2010, and 2014 Combined crop map for US Subset NDVI time-series by AEZ, Rainfed-Irrigated, Extent Decision Tree classification Crop type map for each sub-zone Combined crop map for each AEZ Iterative Optimizaton Comparison with CDL Data preparation Training Classification Assimilation of Results Cropland extent by binary overlay CDL 2008-2014

17 Produced crop type maps for 2008-2014 annually Irrigated and Rainfed Mapping accuracy calculated Pixel-to-pixel comparison with CDL Additional assessment coming from Kamini/Russ Results: Generalized TA Overall accuracies (%) for Rainfed-Irrigated maps in the US for years 2008-2014 2008200920102011201220132014 Rainfed76.778.080.077.170.978.578.6 Irrigated75.176.874.374.473.274.576.1

18 Results: Generalized TA (By AEZ) 2008200920102011201220132014 AEZ264.565.162.064.162.963.861.3 AEZ378.679.475.578.271.777.878.4 AEZ477.478.179.277.075.576.677.2 AEZ576.377.078.275.974.475.676.2 AEZ675.180.886.079.770.179.375.9 AEZ769.269.970.968.867.568.569.0 AEZ878.276.980.177.876.377.478.0 AEZ974.073.778.876.671.176.276.8 AEZ1072.170.873.875.770.369.471.9 AEZ1175.275.076.069.962.473.564.1 AEZ1263.568.269.167.265.966.867.4 AEZ1372.072.773.870.770.371.371.9 Overall76.977.778.075.571.575.576.7 Overall accuracies (%) for all AEZs in the US for years 2008-2014

19 CORN-SOYBEANWHEAT-BARLEYPOTATOALFALFACOTTONRICEOTHERSTotalUser-s Acc CORN-SOYBEAN14,447,100478,3563,738135,82583,17419,916371,01116,089,20089.79 WHEAT-BARLEY354,8482,897,13023,296170,036110,451990285,8444,342,59070.59 POTATO1,87827,07312,4298,610009,15259,14231.02 ALFALFA356,022111,7274,420626,6717,45263771,5351,178,46053.18 COTTON141,729115,14805,405620,2574,130120,5091,007,18061.65 RICE47,90047803023,828189,33112,346234,18570.61 OTHERS141,103198,2318,48249,871144,5119,1641,909,5782,160,94082.09 Total16,690,6163,328,14152,365996,720769,673124,1682,979,97525,071,658 Prod Acc86.5668.0243.7462.8767.8369.8470.52Overall77.7 % Kappa:0.61 2009 CDL crop types 2009 Classified crop type Results: Generalized TA Example Combined crop type map for 2009 Error matrix between CDL and classified map Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops

20 CORN-SOYBEANWHEAT-BARLEYPOTATOALFALFACOTTONRICEOTHERSTotalUser-s Acc CORN-SOYBEAN14,447,100278,3563,73835,825113,17439,916371,01116,089,20089.79 WHEAT-BARLEY354,8482,747,13023,296120,036110,451990285,8443,842,59070.59 POTATO1,87821,07328,4298,610009,15259,14245.55 ALFALFA156,022111,7274,420826,6717,45263771,5351,178,46069.18 COTTON241,72955,14805,405520,2574,130120,5091,007,18051.65 RICE147,90047803023,82869,33112,346234,18570.61 OTHERS241,103198,2318,48249,871144,5119,1641,609,5782,160,94072.09 Total16,690,6163,328,14152,365996,720899,673124,1682,979,97525,071,658 Prod Acc86.5668.0732.0772.8767.8365.8469.52Overall75.5 % Kappa:0.63 2011 CDL crop types 2011 Classified crop types Error matrix between CDL and classified map Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops Results : Generalized TA Example Combined crop type map for 2011 Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops

21 Area Estimates: Generalized TA Area (Mha) estimated in the annual classification (2008-2014) Crop type Area of classified map 2008 (Mha) Area of classified map 2009 (Mha) Area of classified map 2010 (Mha) Area of classified map 2011 (Mha) Area of classified map 2012 (Mha) Area of classified map 2013 (Mha) Area of classified map 2014 (Mha) CORN-SOYBEAN 110.0110.9114.5112.8110.6115.7117.0 WHEAT-BARLEY 32.439.533.732.433.432.132.0 POTATO 0.40.5 0.4 ALFALFA 8.38.513.38.28.312.115.3 COTTON 7.47.37.611.06.88.97.2 RICE 1.61.72.61.6 OTHERS 15.617.718.616.115.720.024.6 Total 178.9186.3191.3182.9177.2191.1198.4 Crop type Area of CDL map 2008 (Mha) Area of CDL map 2009 (Mha) Area of CDL map 2010 (Mha) Area of CDL map 2011 (Mha) Area of CDL map 2012 (Mha) Area of CDL map 2013 (Mha) Area of CDL map 2014 (Mha) CORN-SOYBEAN102.0105.9113.0113.1115.6114.5115.6 WHEAT-BARLEY38.838.936.836.236.835.736.6 POTATO0.60.7 ALFALFA8.67.712.112.411.510.813.4 COTTON6.15.97.69.88.26.67.1 RICE1.82.12.31.7 1.51.9 OTHERS16.115.515.815.419.019.719.4 Total178.4176.8188.4189.6193.9189.9194.8 Area (Mha) estimated in annual CDL (2008-2014)

22 Comparison of area estimates

23 Produced crop type maps for 2008 and 2010 Irrigated and Rainfed Mapping accuracy calculated Pixel-to-pixel comparison with CDL Additional assessment coming from Kamini/Russ Results: Year-specific classification Overall accuracies (%) 20082010 Rainfed85.482.3 Irrigated79.580.0

24 Results: Year-Specific Classification By crop type, 2008 example CORN-SOYBEANWHEAT-BARLEYPOTATOALFALFACOTTONRICEOTHERSTotalUser-s Acc CORN-SOYBEAN 13,017,100475,858941157,969112,60172,445521,62914,358,54390.66 WHEAT-BARLEY 547,3214,250,08011,118121,22341,161535305,6505,277,08880.54 POTATO 17,79515,47420,8427,6027706,64768,43730.45 ALFALFA 151,710132,4121,464595,8252,55969484,477969,14161.48 COTTON 104,77444,20202,824557,61612,11080,692802,21869.51 RICE 74,36057705475,873137,02310,377228,75759.90 OTHERS 574,915380,4417,76986,69681,7888,2932,415,6903,555,59267.94 Total 14,487,9755,299,04442,134972,686801,675231,1003,425,16225,259,776 Prod Acc 89.8580.249.4761.2669.5659.2970.53Overall83.0 % Kappa:0.69 2008 CDL crop types2008 Classified crop types Error matrix between CDL and classification Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops

25 Comparison of overall accuracies Year-specific classification accuracies (%) 20082010 Rainfed76.780.0 Irrigated75.174.2 20082010 Rainfed85.482.3 Irrigated79.580.0 Generalized TA classification accuracies (%) 20082010 AEZ2 70.7 72.5 AEZ3 81.8 84.9 AEZ4 82.1 82.4 AEZ5 80.3 79.3 AEZ6 88.1 84.9 AEZ7 85.3 86.4 AEZ8 85.0 86.8 AEZ9 82.5 84.8 AEZ10 88.7 83.9 AEZ11 80.5 83.0 AEZ12 71.0 73.6 AEZ13 87.9 89.4 Overall83.0 82.0 20082010 AEZ264.562.0 AEZ378.675.5 AEZ477.479.2 AEZ576.378.2 AEZ675.186.0 AEZ769.270.9 AEZ878.280.1 AEZ974.078.8 AEZ1072.173.8 AEZ1175.276.0 AEZ1263.569.1 AEZ1372.073.8 Overall76.978.0

26 Conclusion Developed Generalized Temporal Average algorithm to classify crop types annually between 2008-2014 Generalized Temporal Average classification performs adequately and particularly well for 2012 Developed Year-specific classification algorithms for 2008 and 2010 Year-specific classification has higher accuracies than Generalized Temporal Average (~83% Vs ~78%) US crop type map for 2008 using year-specific classification is available at www.croplands.orgwww.croplands.org Publication manuscript: In preparation

27 Moving Forward Extend Generalized Temporal Average classification to 2001-2007 in the USA Crop intensities at 250m Develop Generalized Temporal Average classification algorithm for Central America and Canada (between 2001-2014) at 250m resolution Data fusion of MODIS 250m and Landsat 30m to generate high resolution time-series data for North America

28 Thank you

29 Sample cleaning using 5x5 buffer (pixel size 56m) CDL 2008 CDL 2008 after removing boundary pixels Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops Corn-Soybean Wheat-Barley Potato Alfalfa Cotton Rice Other Crops

30 Spectral Separability NDVI spectra for many crop types still look similar. We identify areas where each spectra differs from others: Quantitative method Automated approach Parameter for the decision tree Rice Corn Soybean Corn Separability=1.0 for both crops Separability=0.5 for Corn, 0.45 for Soybean

31 NASS CDL availability for conterminous US

32 Fallow Cropland Classified using: 1.NDVI time-series thresholds derived from CDL random samples 2.Different time-series thresholds for AEZ 2 – 6 and AEZ 7 – 13 3.NDVI time-series standard deviation < 0.05 for growing months (April - September) Fallow cropland area Year2008200920102011201220132014 CDL Fallow (Mha)15.214.010.812.620.415.313.9 Classified Fallow (Mha)12.415.317.118.016.717.016.2

33 Data Overview: Global Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) (Version 3.0, FAO, UN) AEZ2345678910111213Total Area (Mha)20.0108.9156.878.749.938.278.074.4121.868.311.90.8808.3 Crop Area (Mha)0.87.122.920.421.916.820.523.437.713.62.70.2178.9 US area percent2.413.519.49.76.24.79.69.215.18.51.50.1100.00% Cropland percent0.43.812.210.811.68.910.912.420.17.21.40.1100.00%

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