1. A Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of Shoveling Snow José A. DeFaria First Progress Report February 29, 2016

2. Project Summary Determine if ergonomics snow shovels are effective in reducing stress in the lower back. A kinematic finite element analysis will be completed

3. Schedule Phase 1 Research Snow Shoveling Research Human Dimensions / Snow Weights Research FEA Modeling of Human Anatomy Phase 2 Complete Free Body Diagrams Create Finite Element Model Present Preliminary Results Phase 3 Modify FEA Model as Necessary Compile Results into Final Report

4. Progress Phase 1 Research Snow Shoveling Research Human Dimensions / Snow Weights Research FEA Modeling of Human Anatomy Research is mostly complete. Sources for human dimensions and snow weights have been obtained, but to determine which dimensions and weights will be required the model must be further developed. At this time the project is on track and the risk for non-completion is low.

5. Prior Research Lewinson report measured trunk flexion angles and showed that angle was decreased using the bent- shaft shovel This should also reduce the moment at the base of the spine, and therefore, the likeliness of muscle strain

6. Model Development The model which I am currently considering is a follows. A beam-type element will simulate the back. It will be fixed on the bottom. The top will rotate the bottom until it reaches an angle which matches the maximum flexion angle from the Lewinson report. At that point, the back will stop moving and the left hand will lower and the right hand will raise until a point where the shovel touches the ground. The snow weight will then be added to the shovel. The left hand will raise until it is colinear with the right hand. The back will then rotate back until it reaches the 0 degree point.

7. Upcoming Work Phase 2 Complete Free Body Diagrams Create Finite Element Model Present Preliminary Results To stay on track the free body diagrams must be completed within the next week or so. This will allow for the research to be completed, determining the relevant weights and dimensions for the FBDs. The finite element model will also be created in Abaqus. The model will be of the kinematic variety similar to that used by Beeman in his report. Additionally, more time will be spent drafting the background and methodology statements of the report.