1. Collecting Sample Data Chapter 1 Section 4 Part 2

2. Observational Study Types of Observational Studies Cross-Sectional Study – In a cross-sectional study, data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time, not over a period of time. Retrospective – In a retrospective (or case-control) study, data are collected from a past time period by goingback in time (through examination of records, interviews, and so on). Prospective – In a prospective ( or longitudinal or cohort) study, data are collected in the future from groups that share common factors (such groups are called cohorts).

3. Designs of Experiments Randomization Replication Blinding – Placebo effect – Double-blind Confounding

4. Designs of Experiments Completely Randomized Experimental Design Randomized Block Design – A block is a group of subjects that are similar, but blocks differ in ways that might affect the outcome of the experiment. Matched Pair Design – Compare two treatment groups. Ex before and after or twins Rigorously Controlled Design

5. Sampling Error Sampling error – A sampling error (or random sampling error) occurs when the sampling has been selected with a random method, but there is a discrepancy between a sample result from chance sample fluctuations.

6. Sampling Error Nonsampling Error – A nonsampling error is the result of human error, including such factors as wrong data entries, computing errors, questions with biased wording, false data provided by respondents, forming biased conclusions, or applying statistical methods that are not appropriate for the circumstances.

7. Sampling Error Nonrandom sampling error – A nonrandom sampling error is the result of using a sampling method that is not random, such as a convenience sample or a voluntary response sample.