1. Digital Image Processing Sir Hafiz Syed Muhammad Rafi Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology (FUUAST) 06/25/13

2. Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology (FUUAST) 06/25/13 “One picture is worth more than ten thousand words” Anonymous

3. What is a Digital Image? A digital image is a representation of a two- dimensional image as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels

4. What is a Digital Image? (cont…) Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colours, heights, opacities etc Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an approximation of a real scene 1 pixel

5. Why Do We Process Images? Enhancement and restoration – Remove artifacts and scratches from an old photo/movie – Improve contrast and correct blurred images Composition (for magazines and movies), Display, Printing … Transmission and storage – images from oversea via Internet, or from a remote planet Information analysis and automated recognition – Providing “human vision” to machines Medical imaging for diagnosis and exploration Security, forensics and rights protection – Encryption, hashing, digital watermarking, digital fingerprinting …

6. Why Digital? “Exactness” – Perfect reproduction without degradation – Perfect duplication of processing result Convenient & powerful computer-aided processing – Can perform sophisticated processing through computer hardware or software – Even kindergartners can do some! Easy storage and transmission – 1 CD can store hundreds of family photos! – Paperless transmission of high quality photos through network within seconds

7. What is Digital Image Processing? Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks – Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation – Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for autonomous machine perception Some argument about where image processing ends and fields such as image analysis and computer vision start

8. What is DIP? (cont…) The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes Low Level Process Input: Image Output: Image Examples: Noise removal, image sharpening Mid Level Process Input: Image Output: Attributes Examples: Object recognition, segmentation High Level Process Input: Attributes Output: Understanding Examples: Scene understanding, autonomous navigation

9. History of Digital Image Processing Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the news- paper industry – The Bartlane cable picture transmission service – Images were transferred by submarine cable between London and New York – Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph printer Early digital image

10. History of DIP (cont…) Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted in higher quality images – New reproduction processes based on photographic techniques – Increased number of tones in reproduced images Improved digital image Early 15 tone digital image

11. History of DIP (cont…) 1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing – 1964: Computers used to improve the quality of images of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe – Such techniques were used in other space missions including the Apollo landings A picture of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe minutes before landing

12. History of DIP (cont…) 1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical applications – 1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M. Cormack share the Nobel Prize in medicine for the invention of tomography, the technology behind Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) scans Typical head slice CAT image

13. History of DIP (cont…) 1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas – Image enhancement/restoration – Artistic effects – Medical visualisation – Industrial inspection – Law enforcement – Human computer interfaces

14. Examples: Image Enhancement One of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve quality, remove noise etc

15. Examples: The Hubble Telescope Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images of very distant objects However, an incorrect mirror made many of Hubble’s images useless Image processing techniques were used to fix this

16. Examples: Artistic Effects Artistic effects are used to make images more visually appealing, to add special effects and to make composite images

17. Examples: Medicine Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find boundaries between types of tissue – Image with gray levels representing tissue density – Use a suitable filter to highlight edges Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

18. Examples: GIS Geographic Information Systems – Digital image processing techniques are used extensively to manipulate satellite imagery – Terrain classification – Meteorology

19. Examples: GIS (cont…) Night-Time Lights of the World data set – Global inventory of human settlement – Not hard to imagine the kind of analysis that might be done using this data

20. Examples: Industrial Inspection Human operators are expensive, slow and unreliable Make machines do the job instead Industrial vision systems are used in all kinds of industries Can we trust them?

21. Examples: PCB Inspection Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection – Machine inspection is used to determine that all components are present and that all solder joints are acceptable – Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used

22. Examples: Law Enforcement Image processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcers – Number plate recognition for speed cameras/automated toll systems – Fingerprint recognition – Enhancement of CCTV images

23. Examples: HCI Try to make human computer interfaces more natural – Face recognition – Gesture recognition Does anyone remember the user interface from “Minority Report”? These tasks can be extremely difficult

24. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

25. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Acquisition Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

26. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Enhancement Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

27. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Restoration Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

28. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Morphological Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

29. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Segmentation Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

30. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Object Recognition Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

31. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Representation & Description Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

32. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Compression Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

33. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Colour Image Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

34. Gray Level and Color Images

35. Gray and Color Image Data 0, 64, 144, 196, 225, 169, 100, 36 (R, G, B) for a color pixel Red – (255, 0, 0) Green – ( 0, 255, 0) Blue – ( 0, 0, 255) Cyan – ( 0,255, 255) Magenta – (255, 0, 255) Yellow – (255, 255, 0) Gray – (128, 128, 128)

36. Image Representation (Gray/Color) A gray level image is usually represented by an M by N matrix whose elements are all integers in {0,1, …, 255} corresponding to brightness scales A color image is usually represented by 3 M x N matrices whose elements are all integers in {0,1, …, 255} corresponding to 3 primary primitives of colors such as Red, Green, Blue

37. Image File Formats (1/2) The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) sets standards for voluntary use in US. One of the most popular computer standards set by ANSI is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) which guarantees all computers can exchange text in ASCII format BMP – Bitmap format from Microsoft uses Raster-based 1~24-bit colors (RGB) without compression or allows a run-length compression for 1~8-bit color depths GIF – Graphics Interchange Format from CompuServe Inc. is Raster-based which uses 1~8-bit colors with resolutions up to 64,000*64,000 LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch, 1984) lossless compression with the compression ratio up to 2:1

38. Some Image File Formats (2/2) Raw – Raw image format uses a 8-bit unsigned character to store a pixel value of 0~255 for a Raster-scanned gray image without compression. An R by C raw image occupies R*C bytes or 8RC bits of storage space TIFF – Tagged Image File Format from Aldus and Microsoft was designed for importing image into desktop publishing programs and quickly became accepted by a variety of software developers as a standard. Its built-in flexibility is both a blessing and a curse, because it can be customized in a variety of ways to fit a programmer’s needs. However, the flexibility of the format resulted in many versions of TIFF, some of which are so different that they are incompatible with each other JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group format is the most popular lossy method of compression, and the current standard whose file name ends with “.jpg” which allows Raster- based 8-bit grayscale or 24-bit color images with the compression ratio more than 16:1 and preserves the fidelity of the reconstructed image EPS – Encapsulated PostScript language format from Adulus Systems uses Metafile of 1~24- bit colors with compression JPEG 2000

39. More Advance work on DIP

40. Denoising From X.Li http://www.ee.princeton.edu/~lixin/denoising.htm UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2 001)

41. Deblurring http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/images/deblurr7.shtml UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2 001)

42. Special Effects: Morphing Princeton CS426 face morphing examples http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall98/cs426/assignments/morph/morph_results.html UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2 001)

43. Image enhancement, feature extractions, and statistical modeling are often important steps in computer vision tasks See more image understanding examples by Prof. Chellappa’s research group ( http://www.cfar.umd.edu/~rama/research.html) Face Detection Face detection in ’98 @ CMU CS, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/Web/People/har/faces.html UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2 001)

44. “General Illumination Correction and Its Application to Face Normalization”, J. Zhu et al, ICASSP 2003

45. Data Hiding for Annotating Binary Line Drawings original marked w/ “01/01/2000” pixel-wise difference UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2 001)

46. Image Restoration Image Restoration

47. Image Colorization

48. Image Enhancement

49. Finger Print Recognition

50. Personal Identification Using Iris Recognition