1. Prefixes and Suffixes Let Us see use of Prefixes and suffixes

2. Tri Tri Trimester (Three part of year) Trimester (Three part of year) Trigonometry Trigonometry Triad Triad Tripod (Tipay ) Tripod (Tipay ) Trident (Trishul ) Trident (Trishul ) Trinity (Tridev ) Trinity (Tridev )

3. Quad Quad Quadrant (Fourth part of circle ) Quadrant (Fourth part of circle ) Quadratic Quadratic Quadrangle Quadrangle

4. Penta- Five Penta- Five Hexa - Six Hexa - Six Septa - Seven Septa - Seven Octa - Eight Octa - Eight Nena - Nine Nena - Nine Deca -- ten Deca -- ten Cento -- Hundred Cento -- Hundred

5. Prefixes A prefix comes at the beginning of a word. It adds something to the meaning. A prefix comes at the beginning of a word. It adds something to the meaning. Here are some common prefixes. Here are some common prefixes. re (= again): re (= again): rewrite a letter, rewrite a letter, re-enter a room, re-enter a room, remarry remarry

6. semi (= half): semi-skilled workers, a semi-conscious state

7. mono (= one): mono (= one): monorail, monorail, monologue monologue monolingual, monolingual, Monogamy Monogamy Monotone Monotone Monopoly Monopoly

8. multi (= many): multi (= many): multinational company, multinational company, multi-storey car park multi-storey car park Multi-million Multi-million Multi-meter Multi-meter

9. super (= big/more): super (= big/more): a superstore a superstore a superhuman effort a superhuman effort a supersonic aircraft a supersonic aircraft

10. sub (= under/less): sub (= under/less): subnormal intelligence subnormal intelligence sub-zero temperatures sub-zero temperatures

11. mini (= small): a minibus a miniskirt a minicomputer

12. pre (= before): pre (= before): Pre-war years Pre-war years prehistoric times prehistoric times Pre-science Pre-science Pre-school Pre-school

13. post (= after): post-dated cheque the post- war period

14. ex (= previously): ex (= previously): ex- wife ex- wife ex-Director ex-Director Ex-friend Ex-friend Ex-army man Ex-army man Ex-student Ex-student

15. inter (= between): inter (= between): inter-city trains inter-city trains international phone call international phone call Inter-branch advise Inter-branch advise Intermediate Intermediate Inter-school Inter-school

16. trans (= across): trans (= across): a transatlantic flight, a transatlantic flight, a heart transplant operation a heart transplant operation

17. over (= too much): over (= too much): overcrowded, overcrowded, ill from overwork, ill from overwork, an overgrown garden, an overgrown garden, overweight overweight

18. under (= too little): under (= too little): undercooked food undercooked food an understaffed office an understaffed office underpaid underpaid

19. out (= more/better): outnumber the opposition, outplayed their opponents, outlived both her children

20. co (= together): co (= together): co-exist co-exist a co-production a co-production my co-driver my co-driver Co-operative society Co-operative society

21. pro (= in favour of): pro (= in favour of): pro-government forces pro-government forces pro-European policies pro-European policies

22. anti (= against): anti (= against): anti-nuclear protestors anti-nuclear protestors anti-aircraft guns anti-aircraft guns Anti-tank missiles Anti-tank missiles Anti-corruption beaureau. Anti-corruption beaureau.

23. mis (= badly/wrongly): mis (= badly/wrongly): Misuse Misuse Misbehave Misbehave Misgovern Misgovern miscount miscount misunderstanding misunderstanding

24. There are some negative prefixes used to express an opposite. un: There are some negative prefixes used to express an opposite. un: Unhappy Unhappy Unfair Unfair Unofficial Unofficial Unemployed Unemployed unplug a machine unplug a machine unpack a suitcase unpack a suitcase

25. This is the most common way of expressing an opposite. in: Inexact Independent Indirect Inexpert an injustice

26. We do not use in before l, m, p or r. We use il, im and ir instead. We do not use in before l, m, p or r. We use il, im and ir instead. illegal, illegal, Illogical Illogical Immobile Immobile Immoral Immoral Impossible Impossible Impatient Impatient Irrelevant Irrelevant irresponsible irresponsible

27. dis: dis: Dishonest Dishonest Disunited Disunited Disagree Disagree Disappear Disappear Dislike Dislike Disadvantage Disadvantage

28. non: non: non-alcoholic drinks non-alcoholic drinks a non-stop flight a non-stop flight a non-smoker a non-smoker Non-corrupt Non-corrupt Non-use Non-use Non-vegetarian Non-vegetarian

29. de: de: defrost a fridge defrost a fridge the depopulation of the countryside the depopulation of the countryside the decentralization of government the decentralization of government

30. Suffixes change in the vowel Verb + ment: Payment Movement Government Arrangement Development

31. Verb + ion/tion/ation/ition: Verb + ion/tion/ation/ition: correct correction correct correction discuss discussion discuss discussion produce production produce production inform information inform information invite invitation invite invitation add addition, add addition, repeat repetition repeat repetition

32. Verb with d/t sion: Verb with d/t sion: decide decision decide decision permit permission permit permission

33. Verb + ance/ence: Verb + ance/ence: Perform Performance Perform Performance Accept Acceptance Accept Acceptance Exist Existence Exist Existence Prefer Preference Prefer Preference

34. Adjective in ent ence: Adjective in ent ence: silent silence silent silence Absent absence Absent absence intelligent intelligence intelligent intelligence Independent independence Independent independence Violent violence Violent violence

35. Adjective + ty / ity: Adjective + ty / ity: Certain certainty Certain certainty Royal royalty Royal royalty Stupid stupidity Stupid stupidity Nation nationality Nation nationality Secure security Secure security

36. Adjective + ness Happy happiness ill illness Fresh freshness Forgetful forgetfulness Blind blindness

37. Verb + ing: Build building Feel feeling

38. a Verb + er/or: a Verb + er/or: Walk walker Walk walker Own owner Own owner Build builder Build builder Drive driver Drive driver Edit editor Edit editor

39. We also use er in nouns for things, especially machines, e.g. We also use er in nouns for things, especially machines, e.g. Compute computer Compute computer Mix mixer. Mix mixer.

40. We can use ism to form an abstract noun, e.g. We can use ism to form an abstract noun, e.g. Journal journalism Journal journalism National nationalism National nationalism

41. Noun/Verb/Adjective + ist: Noun/Verb/Adjective + ist: Journal journalist Journal journalist motor motorist motor motorist Nation nationalist Nation nationalist Tour tourist Tour tourist

42. Noun + an/ian: Noun + an/ian: Republican Republican Electrician Electrician Historian Historian Musician Musician

43. Verb + ant/ent: Verb + ant/ent: Applicant Applicant Assistant Assistant Inhabitant Inhabitant Servant Servant Student Student

44. Most nouns for people can mean either males or females, so Most nouns for people can mean either males or females, so Friends Friends Students Students doctors doctors Motorists Motorists etc include both sexes.

45. If we need to say which sex, we say e.g. If we need to say which sex, we say e.g. her boy-friend, her boy-friend, female students female students women doctors. women doctors.

46. Some words to do with family relationships are different Some words to do with family relationships are different Father /mother Father /mother Brother / Sister Brother / Sister Uncle / Aunt Uncle / Aunt Nephew / niece Nephew / niece Husband / wife Husband / wife

47. difference between male/female with difference between male/female with waiter/waitress waiter/waitress Actor / actress Actor / actress Host / hostess Host / hostess Steward / stewardess Steward / stewardess Prince / princess Prince / princess Manager / Manageress Manager / Manageress

48. Prefixes and meanings ante-/anti before / against ante-/anti before / against hyper-/hypo more than / less than normal hyper-/hypo more than / less than normal inter-/intra between / within inter-/intra between / within Ful /lessWith / without Ful /lessWith / without

49. ance,-ant/-ence,-ent ance,-ant/-ence,-ent Words with these endings are difficult to spell and you’ll always need to be on your guard with them. Check each word individually when in doubt, but here are some useful guidelines: Words with these endings are difficult to spell and you’ll always need to be on your guard with them. Check each word individually when in doubt, but here are some useful guidelines: People are generally -ant: attendant, lieutenant, occupant, sergeant, tenant (but there are exceptions like superintendent, president, resident....). People are generally -ant: attendant, lieutenant, occupant, sergeant, tenant (but there are exceptions like superintendent, president, resident....).

50. Common noun suffixes -er is used for persons who does that activity. i.e. write- er, work-er, teach-er, shop-per. -or is used in some of cases, e.g. operate- operator, sail-or, act-or, supervise-supervisor. -er –or are also used for machines working these things, sharpen – sharpener, bottle – opener, grater, project- or. -er and –ee makes who is doing and who is being done, employ –employee – employer, Address –addressor – adddressee, pay payer – payee. (t)ion is used to make nouns from verbs, complication, reduction, pollution, reduction, donation, admission.

51. -ist ( person ), or ism for activity or ideology. Buddhist, Marxism, anarchist, journalist,journalism, physicist, terrorist. -ist is also used for people who plays musical instruments. Pianist, violinist. -ness used to make noun from adjectives, Goodness, sadness, readiness,forgetfulness, weakness,

52. -able or –ible means you can do with these products. Washable, readable, drinkable, Edible, Flexible. -ize or –ise to make verb from nouns. Modernise, industrialize, rationalise,realize,

53. Suffixes you can recognize word class -ment Excitement, enjoyment,engagement, replacement -ity Flexibility, productivity, scarcity -hood Childhood, motherhood -ship Friendship, partnership, membership -ive Passive, productive, active -al Brutal, legal (adj),refusal,arrival (Nouns) -ous Delicious,outrageous, furios -ful Forgetful, hopeful, useful -less Useless,harmless, homeless -fy Beautify,terrify, pacify.

54. AntiAgainstAnti-war, Antisocial, anti-biotic. AutoOf or by oneselfAutograph, auto-pilot, Autobiography BiTwoBicycle, bi-monthly, bi-annual, bilingual. ExformerEx-wife, Ex-student, Ex-president. ExOut ofExtract, exhale, excommunicate MicroSmallMicroscope, micro-computer,microbiology, microwave MisWrongly – badlyMisinterpret, misunderstand, misinform

55. monoOne / singleMonotonous, monogamous, monopoly multimuchMulti-national, multi-purpose, multi-racial OverToo muchOveruse, overdo, oversleep, overeat. PostAfterPost-colonial, post-mortem, posthumous, post – graduate, post-war. ProIn favour ofPro-government, pro-revolutionary.

56. ReAgainRework, reuse, redo,rewind,retype, replace. SemiHalfSemi-circle, semi-conductor, semi-final, semi- government. SubUnder or belowSub-standard, submarine, sub division, subway. underNot enoughUnderused,undercook, under worked. pseudoFalsePseudo-secular, pseudo-intellectual.

57. VerbPerson noun AdjectiveAbstract noun InspectInspectorInspectingInspection AdvertiseAdvertiserAdvertisingAdvertisement DeportDeporteeDeportedDeportation introduceIntroducerIntroductoryintroduction OppressOppressorOppressiveOppression ComposeComposercompositeComposition

58. Abstract nouns Some suffixes used to create abstract nouns -mentAchievement,adjustment, management, amazement, discouragement, improvement, replacement, retirement. -ionAction, collection, combination, illusion, imagination, production, reduction. -nessAggressiveness, bitterness, Attractiveness, carelessness, consciousness, permissiveness, tenderness, ugliness. -ityAbsurdity, anonymity, curiosity, generosity, hostility, prosperity, sensitivity.

59. Abstract nouns Some suffixes used to create abstract nouns HoodBrotherhood, childhood, brotherhood, adulthood, neighbourhood, womanhood, manhood, Robinhood ShipApprenticeship, membership, ownership, partnership, relationship, companionship DomStardom, boredom, freedom, kingdom, martyrdom, wisdom. ThBreadth, length, depth, strength, warmth, width.

60. Abstract nouns without any change AngerBeliefRageprinciple FaithCalmSightreason LuckchanceThoughtsight SenseHumourSpeedFear