1. Washington DC 14 December 2009 Standardization Power Christopher Loeser Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release

2. Standardization Power 2 Why Specs / Stds?  Document proven solutions to engineering problems. Don’t have to re-develop requirements, design details Represents results of years of RDT&E, operating experience and lessons learned  Enable predictable design and construction size, cost and schedule  Key to design integration  Essential for open architectures and modularity

3. Standardization Power 3 Intermodal Container Standard  Prior to 1968 various shipping companies used incompatible containers Mattson: 24 foot Sea-Land Services: 35 foot  Standardization required years of effort among many stakeholders ISO R-668 January 1968 – Terminology, dimensions, ratings ISO R-790 July 1968 – Markings ISO R-1161 January 1970 – Corner fittings ISO R-1897 October 1970 – minimum internal dimensions Stakeholders: International shipping companies, European and US railroads and US trucking companies.  Result: 90% of all non-bulk cargo worldwide moves by containers.

4. Standardization Power 4 Standardization Effects  Pros: Increased efficiency of design, construction, transportation Costs of increased total system size offset by efficiencies Increases supply of standardized items –Manufacturers confident in market –Competition lowers prices Enhances innovation –Combinations and permutations of standard parts –Alternate uses: e.g., multiple and innovative uses for USB standard interface  Cons Generally increases total system size Acquisition community may invoke standards without tailoring or full understanding Continuing maintenance process needed to keep pace with technology

5. Standardization Power 5 Attributes for Standards  Articulated Text Drawings  Technically Validated and Refined Performance validated by testing and full scale experience Interfaces known / stated Consensus reached among stakeholders  Programmatically Acceptable Cost Producibility Life cycle (costs, maintenance, service life)

6. Standardization Power 6 Technical Architecture  The underlying set of standards applicable to a given product  Design Structural Mechanical Fluids Interfaces  Environment  Production Quality Fabrication processes  Certification Testing Analysis Demonstration Inspection

7. Standardization Power 7 Who Uses Technical Architectures  Developed by groups that develop, manufacture and regulate the product Aviation Automotive Rail Construction machines Marine Communications Computing Biotechnology  Successful companies have develop own formal technical architectures

8. Standardization Power 8 Technical Architecture Design Parametric estimating relationships Design calculations Design criteria Design process System and subsystem architectures Piece-part standards Construction Fabrication processes (welding, painting, running cable, piping installation, insulation installation) Quality methods Certification Cert criteria Test methods Based on a given product’s: Operational requirements: Performance, survivability, HSI, life cycle, Operating environment: External (salt, temperature, wind, precipitation, seaway), self induced (vibration, EMI), regulatory Concept of operations: Standard operating methods, training, logistics

9. Standardization Power 9 VALIDATE AND REFINE TECH ARCH CONCEPT PRELIMINARY DETAIL CONCEPT DESIGN STANDARDS WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS COST RELATIONSHIPS SYSTEM AND SUBSYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS SYSTEM / SUBSYSTEM ARCHITECTURAL STANDARDS STRUCTURAL CENTER OF GRAVITY ARRANGEMENT INTERFACES MARGINS COMPONENT STANDARDS - PIPE - VALVES - PIPE HANGERS - CABLE TYPES - CABLE BEND RADIUS - CABLE HANGERS - FOUNDATION DESIGN METHODS - STRUCTURAL DETAILS - INTERFACES RETURNED: WEIGHTS COSTS PERFORMACE PRODUCTION ESTABLISH / REFINE STANDARDS / RDT&E FABRICATION STANDARDS - PIPE SYSTEM ASSEMBLY - CABLE PLANT ASSEMBLY - MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY - WELDING AND FASTENERS - INTERFACES - QUALITY METHODS

10. Standardization Power 10 NEW DEVELOPMENTS  New developments based on technology transformation depend on full understanding of the technical architecture  Identify differences early in development  Plan to fully vet new standards prior to detail design Analysis Model tests Full scale testing  Focus on compatibility with basic technical architecture

11. Standardization Power 11 SUMMARY  Specs and standards ensure predictable and cost effective solutions to requirements  Represents results of years of RDT&E, operating experience and lessons learned  Technical architectures are the collection of related specs and standards  They enable effective design integration  They can foster successful technology transformation