1. Updated Study Guides for Chapters 1 – 4 Have Been Posted on the Psych 355 Webpage. Also, General Information About Midterm 1. Psych 355,, Miyamoto, Spr '16 1

2. Object-Based Perception & Unilateral Neglect; then Feature Integration Theory Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor: John Miyamoto 4/14/2016: Lecture 03-4 Note: This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that I wrote to help me create the slides. The macros aren’t needed to view the slides. You can disable or delete the macros without any change to the presentation.

3. Outline Object-based attention - spatial attention is not the only aspect of attention Unilateral neglect and object-based attention Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory ♦ Role of Attention in Binding Features to Objects Automatic and Controlled Processes Briefly discuss Midterm 1 (Monday April 28) Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr ‘16 3 If necessary, I will omit this from the lecture; it will still be on the exam Is Unilateral Neglect a Pathology of Spatial Attention?

4. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 4 Is Unilateral Neglect a Pathology of Spatial Attention? Unilateral neglect (unilateral neglect) seems to involve a problem focusing on particular spatial locations (relative to the viewpoint of an individual). Is visual attention equivalent to attention to locations? Results from object based attention show that the answer it “NO”! Location-Based Attention vs Object-Based Attention – What Are They?

5. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 5 Location-Based versus Object-Based Attention Attention is location-based when it is organized around spatial locations in the visual field. Attention is object-based when it is organized around the structure of objects rather than spatial locations. Location-based Spotlight Metaphor Same Slide without the Red Emphasis Rectangles

6. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 6 Location-Based versus Object-Based Attention Attention is location-based when it is organized around spatial locations in the visual field. Attention is object-based when it is organized around the structure of objects rather than spatial locations. Location-based Spotlight Metaphor Experimental Demonstration of Object-Based Attention

7. o o o o Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 7 Demonstration of Object-Based Attention Egly, R., Driver, J., & Rafal, R. D. (1994). Targets can appear at any of the 4 ends of the rectangles. Cue appears at the location where the target is most likely to appear. The RT is fastest at the location of the cue (no surprise), but it is faster at the other location within the object than at an equally close location on a different object. Same Slide Without the Emphasis Ovals +

8. o o o o Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 8 Demonstration of Object-Based Attention Egly, R., Driver, J., & Rafal, R. D. (1994). Targets can appear at any of the 4 ends of the rectangles. Cue appears at the location where the target is most likely to appear. The RT is fastest at the location of the cue (no surprise), but it is faster at the other location within the object than at an equally close location on a different object. Horizontal Occlusion Does Not Affect Object-Based Effect +

9. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 9 Occluding Part of the Object Does Not Affect Object-Based Effect Same finding occurs even if a horizontal bar occludes (hides part of) the vertical “objects.” The greater speed at shifting within an object is not due to the avoidance of object boundaries! Tipper & Behrman - Unilateral Neglect & Object-Based Attention A B C Altered Display o o o o + Standard Display

10. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 10 Object-Based Attention & Unilateral Neglect Person with left unilateral neglect (right parietal injury) seems to suffer from a deficit to spatial attention. This is not exactly true!!! Next: How unilateral neglect interacts with object-based attention. Tipper & Behrman Study of Patient with Unilateral Neglect Object-based attention is discussed in the Goldstein textbook; see Goldstein p. 100 and Item 7 on p. 115. But the relationship between object-based attention and unilateral neglect is not discussed.

11. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 11 Response to stimulus is slow. Object-Based Visual Attention & Unilateral Neglect Tipper & Behrman (1996) Patient had left unilateral neglect. Initial display – patient is slower to respond to flash in left circle than to flash in right circle. Response to stimulus is fast. Same Slide without the Sequencing

12. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 12 Response to stimulus is slow. Object-Based Visual Attention & Unilateral Neglect Tipper & Behrman (1996) Patient had left unilateral neglect. Initial display – patient is slower to respond to flash in left circle than to flash in right circle. (I added the color and bars in the circles to these displays to make it easier to explain the experiment – they were not used in the actual experiment.) Response to stimulus is fast. Demonstrate Flip Trials

13. Flip Trials Stimulus is presented like this at the beginning of a trial. The stimulus rotates 180 degrees while the patient watches. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 13 Repeat This Slide With Label for Pre- & Post Left & Right

14. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 14 Flip Trials Yellow disk started on the RIGHT side. Now it’s on the LEFT side. Blue disk started on the LEFT side. Now it’s on the RIGHT side. How Does Flip Affect Patient’s RT to Target? Stimulus is presented like this at the beginning of a trial. The stimulus rotates 180 degrees while the patient watches.

15. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 15 Effect of Rotation on Patient’s RT to Target In general, the patient is slow to respond to information on the “left” side, but........ neglect of the "left side" was defined in terms of the object as it was initially presented, not the current visual stimulation. Object-based attention! AFTER the stimulus rotates: Patient is faster here. Patient is slower here. BEFORE the stimulus rotates: Patient is slower here. Patient is faster here. “No Bar” Condition – An Important Control Condition

16. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 16 Important Aspect of the Effect of Flipping the Object If the two circles are not connected by a bar, then flipping the circles has no effect, i.e.,... the patient continues to show inferior performance with a flash on the left. Standard Version with Bar Alternate Version NO Bar Flip Trials in the “No Bar” Condition

17. Flip Trials – No Bar Condition Stimulus is presented like this at the beginning of a trial. As before, the stimulus flips left to right and right to left while the patient watches. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 17 Results for "No" Bar Condition

18. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 18 Results in “No Bar” Condition Conclusion: For patient with left unilateral neglect, flipping the colored circles only reverses the side with a faster response if the two circles appear to be part of a single object. AFTER the stimulus rotates: Patient is faster here. Patient is slower here. BEFORE the stimulus rotates: Patient is slower here. Patient is faster here. Summary re Object-Base Attention

19. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 19 Summary: Object-Based Attention Spatial Attention: Attention is directed to specific locations in the visual field. (a.k.a. location-based attention) Object-Based Attention: We attend to objects. Attention is organized around the structure of objects. ♦ Easier to move attention within an object than between objects. ♦ Objects have a special status in attention and perception. Spatial attention and object-based attention are two aspects of human attention. Both aspects operate at the same time. Unilateral neglect exhibits deficits in both spatial attention and object-based attention. Start: Feature Integration Theory

20. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 20 Feature Integration Theory (FIT): Figure 4.30 Anne Treisman hypothesized that attention plays a critical role in combining features into objects (binding features to objects). Preattentive stage ♦ Automatic; effortless; unaware of process; object analyzed into features Focused attention stage ♦ Attention plays key role; features are associated with (bound to) objects Same as This Slide But Without the Emphasis Red Rectangles Feature binding occurs here

21. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 21 Feature Integration Theory (FIT): Figure 4.32 Anne Treisman hypothesized that attention plays a critical role in combining features into objects (binding features to objects). Preattentive stage ♦ Automatic; effortless; unaware of process; object analyzed into features Focused attention stage ♦ Attention plays key role; features are associated with (bound to) objects Describe Task in Schmidt & Treisman Experiment

22. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 22 Treisman & Schmidt Experiment Next you will see 2 numbers and 4 objects. The numbers are next to the objects. YOUR TASK Make sure that you notice and remember the numbers. Then try to remember as much as you can about the objects. When the display is gone, write down the numbers, and describe the objects as best you can. “Prepare to Respond” Slide 5 1

23. Prepare for the First Trial (a Slow Trial) The stimulus will appear about here. The trial will start when I say “go”. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 23 Actual Trial Begins on Click – The First Trial is Slow When I say “go” (click), a display will appear and then disappear.

24. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 24 Example of Treisman Display 8 5

25. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 25 Pattern Mask

26. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 26 Dependent Variables What were the numbers in the display? Write them down. What did the objects in the middle look like? Write down some notes about them. Actual Display: The next display is presented much faster so be ready. “Prepare to Respond” Slide

27. Prepare for the Second Trial (a faster trial) The stimulus will appear about here. The trial will start when I say “go”. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 27 Similar Trial But Display Duration is Much Shorter When I say “go” (click), a display will appear and then disappear.

28. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 28 Treisman Display

29. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 29 Pattern Mask

30. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 30 Dependent Variables What were the numbers in the display? Write them down. What did the objects in the middle look like? Write down some notes about them. Actual Display: Did any of you see the correct features but have them associated with the wrong object? This illustrates feature migration and illusory conjunctions (of features). Illusory Conjunctions & Feature Integration Theory

31. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 31 Illusory Conjunctions and the Binding Problem Features occasionally "migrate" from one object to another. Illusory conjunctions – people see the right features but attach them to the wrong objects. Feature Integration Theory (FIT – due to Anne Treisman): ♦ There is a stage in perceptual processing where features are represented independently from "binding" to objects. Features can still float from one object to another. (Preattentive Stage) ♦ It takes attention to bind features together into objects. (Focused Attention Stage) Conclusions re Feature-Integration Theory

32. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 32 Conclusion re Feature Integration Theory (FIT) Main Hypothesis: Focused attention helps bind features to objects. Comment: Much easier to create illusory conjunctions with abstract objects like ◘ or ▲ than with familiar objects like or. Comment: Why did I ask subjects to identify the numbers on either side of the display? Example of Balint's syndrome: ♦ Patient with Balint's syndrome has difficulty focusing on individual objects. ♦ Patient with Balint's syndrome is especially prone to seeing illusory conjunctions. Automatic and Controlled Processes 5 1

33. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 33 Automatic versus Controlled Processes Automatic processes are processes that occur without conscious control; automatic processes do not interfere with other concurrent mental activities. Controlled processes are processes that require conscious attention in order to carry them out. Examples: ♦ Learning to touch type at a keyboard. Initially requires controlled processing, then become automatized with lots of practice. ♦ Stroop effect – reading word meaning is an automatic process. book rock bird hair knot blue green red blue green Characteristics of Automatic and Controlled Processes

34. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 34 Characteristics of Automatic and Controlled Processing Characteristics of Automatic Processes: Examples: reading, comprehending spoken language, identifying a friend ----------------------------------- ♦... can be initiated without intention; ♦... operate very rapidly; ♦... operate without conscious control of the process Characteristics of Controlled Processes: Examples: Writing a letter, solving a problem (usually), making a big decision ----------------------------------- ♦... usually initiated intentionally; ♦... often occurs slowly; ♦... operate with conscious control (usually); require attention to execute them; Schneider & Shiffrin – Some tasks are/are not automatic

35. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 35 Some Tasks Can Be Automated; Others Cannot Schneider & Shiffrin (1977): Search for a target letters in displays that contain distractors (non-targets). Consistent mapping condition: Letters that are used as targets are never used as distractors. Varied mapping condition: Letters that are used as targets are also used as distractors on other trials. Schneider & Shiffrin - Findings Psych 355 students: You can ignore this slide. I won't ask you for the details of the Schneider & Shiffrin (1977) study.

36. Some Tasks Can Be Automated; Others Cannot (cont.) Consistent Mapping Condition: After many thousands of trials (thorough training), accuracy was just as good when searching 4 positions as when searching 1 or 2 positions. Varied Mapping Condition: After many thousands of trials (thorough training), accuracy still got worse and worse as the number of positions to search increased from 1 to 2 to 4. Interpretation: The search became automatic in the consistent mapping condition, but could not be automatized in the varied mapping condition. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 36 Summary re Automatic & Controlled Processes Psych 355 students: You can ignore this slide. I won't ask you for the details of the Schneider & Shiffrin (1977) study.

37. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 37 Summary re Automatic and Controlled Processes Divided attention (task sharing) becomes easier and performance improves as tasks become automatized. Obviously practice promotes automatization. Some tasks cannot be automatized. This distinction has many important applications ♦ Effects of practice on skill learning ♦ Automatic social responses, e.g., prejudiced responses (racial/gender/ethnic) that are masked by more acceptable responses. Info re Midterm 1 - END Psych 355 students: These two points are the only things that I want you to know about the Schneider & Shiffrin (1977) study.

38. Midterm Exam: Monday April 18 Format: Multiple choice, true/false, short answer Time allowed: whole class period (50 minutes) ** Bring a scantron form and #2 pencil to the exam ** What will be on the test? Textbook, chapters 1-4, lectures, sections, CogLab assignments The main Psych 355 webpage has a link to a document that is titled "What will be covered on Midterm 1?". ♦ The url for this document is https://faculty.washington.edu/jmiyamot/p355/mid1.topics.htm, but it is probably easier to find the link on the Psych 355 webpage. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 38 Continue This Slide - END

39. Midterm Exam: Monday April 20 Study materials (on the Psych 355 website) Download pdf's of the study guides for Chapters 1 – 4 from the Psych 355 website. See Midterm 1 from Spring 2015. First, study the version without an answer key. Later, use the answer key to check your thinking. See quizzes 1 and 2 from Spring 2015. The document "What will be covered on Midterm 1?" (see link on preceding slide) contains suggestions regarding the most effective way to study for this exam. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 39 END