1. Enzymes

2. Characteristics of Enzymes 1.Proteins 2.Catalysts a.Speed up chemical reactions without being used up

3. Structure 1.If an enzyme’s shape is changed so that it is no longer able to catalyze reactions, we call it… DENATURED –What kinds of things do you think could denature a protein?

4. Denaturation a.Disruption of protein structure by 1.Heat: Break apart H bonds and disrupt hydrophobic attractions 2.Acids/ bases: Break H bonds between polar R groups and ionic bonds 3.Heavy metal ions: React with S-S bonds to form solids 4.Agitation: Stretches chains until bonds break

5. Applications of Denaturation a.Hard boiling an egg b.Wiping skin with alcohol swab for injection c.Cooking food to destroy E. coli d.Heat used to cauterize blood vessels e.Autoclave sterilizes instruments f.Milk is heated to make yogurt

6. Think about it Tannic acid is used to form a scab on a burn. An egg becomes hard boiled when placed in hot water. What is similar about these two events? Solution Acid and heat cause a denaturation of protein. They both break bonds in the structure of protein.

7. How do enzymes work? 1.Lower Activation Energy to speed up rates of reaction a.Reactions require energy to begin…enzymes lower the amount of energy required.

8. Naming 1.Often end in “–ase” 2.The name usually relates to the reactants they are associated with or the reaction they help start a.Examples: maltase, sucrase, protease, carboxypeptidase

9. Catalyzing Process 1.A unique 3-D shape of an enzyme determines which chemical reaction it catalyzes 2.Important Vocab: a.SUBSTRATE: A specific reactant that an enzyme acts on is called a substrate of the enzyme.

10. 2.Important Vocab (cont.): b.ACTIVE SITE: A substrate fits into a region of the enzyme called an active site. 1.An active site is typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.

11. 3.The enzyme and substrate form a complex substrate enzyme Active site Enzyme-substrate complex

12. Lock and Key Model + E + S ES complex E + P S P P S

14. Factors Affecting Enzyme Action 1.Temperature affects molecular motion a.An enzyme’s optimal temperature produces the highest rate b.Most human enzymes work best at 35-40 ºC. WATCH OUT!!! If the temperature gets too high, the enzyme may be denatured!

15. Temperature (cont.) Optimum temperature Reaction Rate Low High Temperature

16. 2.Ions: Salt concentration & pH influence enzyme activity. a.SALT: The salt ions interfere with some of the chemical bonds that maintain protein structure b.pH: The same is true of the extra hydrogen ions at very low pH 1.Optimal pH for most enzymes near neutral

17. 3.Substrate Concentration a.Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction (enzyme concentration is constant) Why? b.Maximum activity reached when all of enzyme combines with substrate

18. Substrate Concentration (cont.) Maximum activity Reaction Rate substrate concentration

19. Enzyme Inhibition 1.Inhibitors: cause a loss of catalytic activity a.May change the protein structure of an enzyme b.May be competitive or noncompetitive c.Some effects are irreversible

20. Disregard the rest of the notes for now. Go back to the beginning of your notes. Talk with your table partner as you go back through the notes together. Discuss the BIG CONCEPTS like: –How can protein structure be changed? –How do enzymes work? –How are enzymes named? –How do enzymes catalyze reactions? –What can cause enzymes to act differently? –What do inhibitors do to enzymes?