1. THE GREAT DEPRESSION A247.3.12

2. THE GREAT CRASH

3. GUIDING QUESTION What caused the Great Depression? the federal government during the 1920s?

4. STOCK MARKET CRASH May 1928-September 1929, prices doubled in value beginning in Sept 1929, gradual slide Black Thursday (Oct. 24) largest sell-off in NYSE history Black Tuesday (Oct. 29) $40 billion in stock value lost by Dec. The Great Depression Response of bankers, Hoover and business leaders Stock Market Prices, 1921–1932 Black Tuesday Wall Street, Oct. 29, 1929

5. UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE DEPRESSION Overproduction - Massive business inventories (up 300% from 1928 to 1929) Lack of diversification in American economy prosperity of 1920s largely a result of construction & auto industries Uneven distribution of income and wealth - Poor distribution of purchasing power among consumers Farm income down 66% in 20s By 1929 the top 10% of the nation's population received 40% of the nation's disposable income

6. UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE DEPRESSION Weakness of Banking Industry bank failures in late 1920s (farmers) many had small reserves low margins encouraged speculative investment by banks, corporations, and individual investors total money supply closing of over 9,000 American banks between 1930 and 1933 Federal Reserve system Consumer Debt – middle class installment loans; buying on margin Overspeculation in Stock Market – by wealthy and upper middle class Consumer Debt, 1920–1931

7. UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE DEPRESSION Decline in demand for American goods in international trade European industry and agriculture gradually recovered from World War I Germany so beset by financial crises/ inflation that could not afford to purchase US goods High American protective tariffs international debt structure

8. IMPACT ON SOCIETY

9. GUIDING QUESTION How did the Great Depression alter the American social fabric in the 1930s?

10. “Give a man a dole and you save his body and destroy his spirit. Give him a job and pay him an assured wage and you save both the body and the spirit.”

11. Effects on Business & Industry Corporate profits - from $10 billion to $1 billon Business failures: 100,000 between 1929 and 1933 GNP – $104 billion in 1929 to $56 billion in 1933 Total national income – fell by over 50%

12. Effects on Business & Industry Bank failures about 20% all banks (over 6000) between 1929 and 1933) over 9 million savings accounts lost($2.5 billion) Bank Failures, 1929-1933 Depositors gathering outside a bank, April 1933 1932

13. Effects of the Crash Great Crash Investor s Businesses and Workers Investors lose millions. Businesses lose profits. Consumer spending drops. Workers are laid off. Businesses cut investment and production Some fail. Banks Businesses and workers cannot repay bank loans. Savings accounts are wiped out. Bank runs occur. Banks run out of money and fail. World Payments Overall U.S. production plummets. U.S. investors have little or no money to invest. U.S. investment s in Germany decline. German war payments to Allies fall off. Europeans cannot afford American goods. Allies cannot pay debts to United States.

14. Effect on workers and families Unemployment ~25% in 1932? underemployment patterns of reemployment and layoffs hobos “Depression mentality” Men Lined Up at the New York City Employment Bureau, 1932

17. Effect on workers and families Malnutrition Disease: tuberculosis, typhoid and dysentery. soup kitchens and bread lines Soup kitchen, 1931 (Cleveland) Soup kitchen, Chicago, 1930

18. Effects on Farmers Drought hits Great Plains “Dust Bowl” “Okies” Farmers destroy crops and move West Resettlement Adminstration Dust Bowl Dust storm, Springfield, CO, 1935

19. Dust storm, Elkhart, KS, 1937

20. The Dust Bowl Aftermath of dust storms, South Dakota, 1936 Dust Bowl Farm, Texas, 1938 Abandoned house, Kansas, April 1941

21. Migrants A Destitute Family in the Ozark Mountains. 1935 “Okies” migrate west in 1939 Dorthea Lange, “Covered Wagon Again” 1935

22. Migrants in California Migrant Auto Camp, California, 1936 "Cheap Auto Camp Housing for Citrus Workers“; Dorothea Lange, Tulare County, California, Feb. 1940

23. “Migrant Mother” Dorothea Lange 1936

24. Effects on American Culture Reactions of most Americans Effects on basic values (capitalism, democracy, individualism) Alternatives: socialism, communism? Whom to blame? Popular Culture and Escapism Frank Capra Walt Disney Gone With the Wind

25. HOOVER’S RESPONSE

26. Federal Response Under Hoover Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Philosophy: limited government, individualism Initial response? public works programs Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) "Boulder Dam, 1942“, Ansel Adams

27. Evaluation of Hoover’s Response Contemporary popular opinion “Hoovervilles”

29. Contemporary Political Cartoon

30. Evaluation of Hoover’s Response Modern Evaluations: reluctance to spend large amounts of federal funds, expand the role of the federal government. willing to intervene in the economy to an unprecedented degree.

31. 1932 ELECTION Misery Sweeps Roosevelt into Office

32. 1932 ELECTION Franklin D. Roosevelt philosophy “New Deal” Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1920 Vice Presidential nominee for Democratic Party Roosevelt Campaigning for Office in Kansas 1932

34. 1932 ELECTION Hoover “The Worst is Past" "Prosperity is Just Around the Corner" Results Electoral Shift, 1928 and 1932

35. NEW DEAL Relief, Recovery, Reform Willing to experiment with government power = has more First 100 Days: Provides relief for people who can’t take care of selves: Fireside Chats  “The Only Thing We Have to Fear is Fear Itself” Creates jobs with Public works programs: Alphabet Soup Closes Banks and insures the $ in them. (FDIC) Increases people’s hope

36. Criticisms Gave the gov’t too much power – Socialism? Supreme Court declares acts unconstitutional Women and African Americans receive less aid Does too much/ not enough Brings about Second NEW DEAL: Social Benefits, union support, higher taxes for rich SOCIAL SECURITY Doesn’t end the Depression