1. Don’t let this happen to you!!

2. MUTATIONS Changes in DNA that affect genetic information

3. Types of mutations  Gene mutations  Point mutations -a one base change (substitution, insertion, deletion)  Cannot be seen in a karyotype, affects a single gene  Chromosomal mutation  Occurs during cell division  Major parts of a chromosome (many genes) are missing or located in the wrong place

4. Gene Mutations  Point Mutations – change in one or more nucleotides  Substitution  THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT  THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT  Insertion  THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT  THE FAT CAT HAT ETH ERA T  Deletion  THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT  TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT

5. Gene Mutations  Frameshift Mutations – shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so that the protein may not be able to perform its function.  Insertion  THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT  THE FAT HCA TAT ETH ERA  Deletion  THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT  TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT H H

6. Chromosome Mutations  Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes (each letter represents a chromosome) http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/REG-19-dnamutations.htm http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/REG-19-dnamutations.htm  Original Chromosome ABC * DEF DeletionAC * DEF DuplicationABBC * DEF InversionAED * CBF TranslocationABC * JKL GHI * DEF

7. Chromosomal Mutations

8. Significance of Mutations Most are neutralMost are neutral Eye colorEye color Birth marksBirth marks Some are harmfulSome are harmful Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia Down SyndromeDown Syndrome Some are beneficialSome are beneficial Sickle Cell Anemia to MalariaSickle Cell Anemia to Malaria CCR5 – delta 2 - Immunity to HIVCCR5 – delta 2 - Immunity to HIV

9. What Causes Mutations?  There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:  Mutations can be inherited.  Parent to child  Mutations can be acquired.  Environmental damage  Mistakes when DNA is copied