1. 4G Wireless Technology
Prepared by
K.Sai Kumar Yadav
07K81A0584

2. Outline Introduction 3G vs. 4G 4G Network Features How 4G works
What is 4G?
What's New in 4G?
3G vs. 4G
4G Network Features
How 4G works
Challenges

3. What is 4G? A wireless access technology and is the successor of 3G.
Called "3G and Beyond".
Enables seamless roaming between technologies.
Plans on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
NTT DoCoMo Company is testing 4G communication at 100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary.

4. What's New in 4G? Entirely packet-switched networks.
All network elements are digital.
Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps).
Tight network security.

5. Features of 4G Networks
4G networks are all-IP (Internet Protocol) based heterogeneous networks
This will allow users to:
Select any system at any time and any where
Use Multiple systems at the same time (e.g. GPS and WLANs and CDMA)
A wide range of applications using only one 4G integrated terminal

6. Features of 4G Networks (cont.)
Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.
Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.
Global mobility and service portability.
Low cost.
Scalability of mobile networks (>10 times the capacity of 3G).

7. 3G vs. 4G
3G (including 2.5G) 4G
Major Requirement Driving Architecture 
Predominantly voice driven - data was always add on
Converged data and voice over IP
Network Architecture
Wide area cell-based
Hybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area
Speeds
384 Kbps to 2 Mbps
20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode
Frequency Band
Dependent on country or continent ( MHz)
Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)
Bandwidth
5-20 MHz
100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design Basis
Circuit and Packet
All digital with packetized voice
Access Technologies
W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge
OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA)
Forward Error Correction
Convolution rate 1/2, 1/3
Concatenated coding scheme
Component Design
Optimized antenna design, multi-band adapters 
multi-band adapters Smarter Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios
IP 
A number of air link protocols, including IP 5.0 
All IP (IP6.0)

8. How 4G works (working principle)
The IP address is based on IPv6.
IPv4: X . X . X . X (32 bits)
example:
IPv6: 4 × IPv4 (128 bits)
example:
, , ,
home
address
care-of
address
mobile IP
address
local network
address

9. IPv4 vs. IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 Structure 32 bits 128 bits Security
Poor security
Enhance security
Function
Addressing
Multi-fun. and mobile fun. are built-in
Plug & Play (Auto-Configuration)

10. 4G Systems Challenges
To migrate current systems to 4G with the features mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number of challenges
These challenges are grouped into the following different aspects:
Accessing Different Networks:
Multimode Devices
Overlay Network
Terminal Mobility
Location Management
Handoff Management

11. 4G Wireless Networks Challenges First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several and different mobile and wireless networks
There are two possible architectures
Multimode Devices
Overlay Network

12. First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 1
First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 1. Multimode Devices Architecture
A single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access the different wireless networks
Advantages:
Improve call completion
Expand coverage area
Reliable coverage in case of network, link or switch failure
Disadvantages:
Complexity in the hardware of the device
Handoff Mechanism:
Performed by the user, device or network

13. First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 2
First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 2. Overlay Network Architecture
A user accesses an overlay network consisting of several UAPs
UAPs Functions:
Select a wireless network based on availability and user choices
Store IPs of user, network and devices
Advantages:
Simplify hardware of device
Supports single billing
Disadvantages:
More network devices
Handoff Mechanism between UAPs:
Performed by overlay network rather than the user or device

14. 4G Wireless Networks Challenges Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure
Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam across geographical boundaries of the wireless networks
There are two main issues in terminal mobility:
location management
handoff management

15. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 1. Location Management
The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection
Location management involves handing all the information about
Roaming terminals such as original and current location cells
Authentication information
QoS capabilities

16. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 2. Handoff Management
Maintain ongoing communication when the terminal roams
IP changes during handoff :
IPv6 within the same cell: , , ,
home address
care-of address
mobile IP address
local network address

17. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 2. Handoff Management
IPv6 when the terminal roams to another cell: , , ,
home address
care-of address
mobile IP address
local network address

18. Handoff Management (cont.)
Handoff Management Challenges
Horizontal handoff is performed when the terminal moves from one cell to another within the same wireless system.
Vertical handoff is performed when the terminal moves between two different wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM) .

19. Challenges in Handoff Management
Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase
System load (increasing control packets)
Packet losses
Handover latency

20. Thank you