1. 3-1 Introduction to Engineering Design © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

2. 3-2 Outline Introduce you to the engineering design process Discuss the basic steps that most engineers follow when designing a product Discuss the importance of considering sustainability in design © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

3. 3-3 Outline (continued) Introduce important design factors such as  Economic consideration  Material selection  Teamwork  Project scheduling  Engineering standards and codes Present cases studies in civil, mechanical/ electrical engineering © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

4. 3-4 Objectives The main objective is: To introduce the steps engineers follow to successfully design products or provide services that we use in our everyday lives © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

5. 3-5 Design Process – Basic Steps 1.Recognizing the need for a product or a service 2.Problem definition and understanding 3.Research and preparation 4.Conceptualization 5.Synthesis 6.Evaluation 7.Optimization 8.Presentation © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

6. 3-6 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 1: Recognizing the need for a product or a service © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

7. 3-7 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 2: Problem definition and understanding This is the most important step in any design process Before you move on to the next step  Make sure you understand the problem  Make sure that the problem is well defined Good problem solvers are those who first fully understand what the problem is © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

8. 3-8 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 3: Research and preparation Collect useful information  Search to determine if a product already exists  Perhaps you could adopt or modify existing components  Review and organize the information collected in a suitable manner Step 4: Conceptualization Generate ideas or concepts that could offer reasonable solutions to your problem © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

9. 3-9 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 5: Synthesis At this point you begin to consider details Perform calculations, run computer models, narrow down the type of materials to be used, size the components of the system, and answer questions about how the product is going to be fabricated Consult pertinent codes and standards for compliance © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

10. 3-10 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 6: Evaluation Analyze the problem in more detail Identify critical design parameters and consider their influence in your final design Make sure that all calculations are performed correctly Best solution must be identified from alternatives Details of design must be worked out fully © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

11. 3-11 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 7: Optimization – minimization or maximization Optimization is based on some particular criterion such as cost, strength, size, weight, reliability, noise, or performance. Optimizing individual components of an engineering system does not necessarily lead to an optimized system © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

12. 3-12 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) An optimization procedure © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

13. 3-13 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 8: Presentation You need to communicate your solution to the client, who may be your boss, another group within your company, or an outside customer Engineers are required to give oral and progress reports on regular basis to various groups, consequently presentation could well be an integral part of many other design steps © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

14. 3-14 Design Process – Basic Steps (continued) Step 8: Presentation © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

15. 3-15 Other Engineering Design Considerations Engineering economics Material selection Teamwork Conflicts Resolution Project scheduling and task chart Evaluating alternatives Patent, trademark, and copyright Engineering standards and codes © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

16. 3-16 Engineering Economics Economic factors always play important roles in engineering design decision making Products that are too expensive cannot be sold at a price that consumers can afford and still be profitable to the company Products must be designed to provide services not only to make our lives better but also to make profits for the manufacturer © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

17. 3-17 Material Selection Selection of material is an important design decision Examples of properties to consider when selecting materials  Density  Ultimate strength  Flexibility  Machinability  Durability  Thermal expansion  Electrical & thermal conductivity  Resistance to corrosion © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

18. 3-18 Material Selection (continued) Examples of questions design engineers may ask when selecting materials  How strong will the material be when subjected to an expected load?  Would it fail, and if not, how safely would the material carry the load?  How would the material behave if its temperature were changed?  Would the material remain as strong as it would under normal conditions if its temperature is increased? © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

19. 3-19 Material Selection (continued)  How much would the material expand when its temperature is increased?  How heavy and flexible is the material?  What are its energy absorbing properties?  Would the material corrode?  How would it react in the presence of some chemicals?  How expensive is the material?  Would it dissipate heat effectively?  Would the material act as a conductor or as an insulator to the flow of electricity? © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

20. 3-20 Material Selection (continued) Other application specific questions to be considered: for example, for bioengineering applications  Is the material toxic to the body?  Can the material be sterilized?  When the material comes into contact with body fluid will it corrode or deteriorate?  How would material react to mechanical shock and fatigue?  Are the mechanical properties of the implant material compatible with those of bone to ensure appropriate stress distributions at contact surface © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

21. 3-21 Material Properties (continued) Material properties depend on many factors  How the material was processed  Its age  Its exact chemical composition  Any nonhomogenity or defect within the material Change with temperature and time as the material ages In practice, you use property values provided by the manufacturer for design; textbook values are typical values © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

22. 3-22 Teamwork Design team a group of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving skills, and talent who are working together to solve a problem or achieve a common goal Employers are looking for individuals who not only have a good grasp of engineering fundamentals but who can also work well with others in a team environment © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

23. 3-23 Common Traits of Good Teams Successful teams have the following components: The project that is assigned to a team must have clear and realistic goals. These goals must be understood and accepted by all members of the team. The team should be made up of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving skills, background, and talent. The team must have a good leader © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

24. 3-24 Common Traits of Good Teams (continued) The team leadership and the environment in which discussions take place should promote openness, respect, and honesty. The team goals and needs should come before individual goals and needs. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

25. 3-25 Secondary Roles of Good Team Members The Organizer – experienced and confident; trusted by members of the team and serves as a coordinator for the entire project The Creator – good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them with other team members, and letting the team develop the ideas further The Gatherer – enthusiastic and good at obtaining things, looking for possibilities, and developing contacts © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

26. 3-26 Secondary Roles of Good Team Members (continued) The Motivator – energetic, confident, and outgoing; good at finding ways around obstacles The Evaluator – intelligent and capable of understanding the complete scope of the project; good at judging outcomes correctly The Team Worker – tries to get everyone to come together, does not like friction or problems among team members © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

27. 3-27 Secondary Role of Good Team Members (continued) The Solver – reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into practical solution The Finisher – can be counted on to finish his or her assigned task on time; detail oriented and may worry about the team’s progress toward finishing the assignment © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

28. 3-28 Other Factors Influencing Team Performance The way a company is organized How projects are assigned What resources are available to a team to perform their tasks Corporate culture: whether openness, honesty, and respect are promoted © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

29. 3-29 Conflicts When a group of people work together, conflicts sometimes arise. Conflicts could be the result of Miscommunication Personality differences The way events and actions are interpreted by a member of a team © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

30. 3-30 Conflict Resolution Managing conflicts is an important part of a team dynamic In managing conflicts, it is important to recognize there are three types of people:  Accommodating  Compromising  Collaborative © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

31. 3-31 Conflict Resolution – Type of People Accommodating team members - avoid conflicts  Allow assertive individuals to dominate  Making progress as a whole difficult  Could lead to poor team decision © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

32. 3-32 Conflict Resolution – Type of People Compromising team members Demonstrate moderate level of assertiveness and cooperation. By compromising, the team may have sacrificed the best solution for the sake of group unity © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

33. 3-33 Collaborative Conflict Resolution Approach  High level of assertiveness and cooperation by the team  No finger pointing  Team proposes solutions  Means of evaluation  Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution Conflict Resolution © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

34. 3-34 Project Scheduling and Task Chart A process that engineering managers use to ensure that a project is completed on time and within the allocated budget © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

35. 3-35 Evaluating Alternatives When a design is narrowed down to a few workable concepts, evaluation of these concepts is needed before detail design is pursued Each design would have its own evaluation criteria An Example of evaluation worksheet © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

36. 3-36 Engineering Standards and Codes Developed over the years by various organizations to ensure product safety and reliability in services, and uniformity in parts and components Why do we need standards and codes? © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

37. 3-37 Engineering Standards and Codes (continued) Standards allow for easy way to communicate the size of a product For example, if we had global standards for shirts and shoes, then the above cross referenced tables would not be necessary © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

38. 3-38 Engineering Standards and Codes (continued) Example of an engineered product that adhere to many standards © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

39. 3-39 Other Codes & Standards ANSI – American National Standard Institute ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials NFPA – National Fire Protection Association UL – Underwriters Laboratories EPA – Environmental Protection Agency ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

40. 3-40 Other Codes and Standards (continued) C Є - Conformité Europeenné ISO – International Organization for Standardization BSI – British Standard Institute CSBTS – China State Bureau of Quality & Technical Supervision DIN – Germany-Deutsches Institute für Normung © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

41. 3-41 Examples of Codes and Standards © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

42. 3-42 ASCE Actions on Sustainability On 11/4/2008, ASCE Board of Direction adopted sustainability as the 4 th ASCE priorities followed  renewing the nation’s infrastructure  Raising the bar on civil engineering education  Addressing the role of the civil engineers in today’s changing professional environment © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

43. 3-43 Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability Appeared on 1/8/2009 ASCE News Written by William Wallace, founder and president of Wallace Futures Group, Steamboat Springs, CO  Author of Becoming Part of the Solution: The Engineer’s Guide to Sustainable Development © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

44. 3-44 Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability (continued) 1.The world’s current economic development is not sustainable – the world population already uses approximately 20% more of the world’s resources than the planet can sustain. 2.The effects of outpacing the earth’s carrying capacity have now reached crisis proportions – spiking energy costs, extreme weather events causing huge losses, and prospect of rising sea levels threatening coastal cities. Global population increase outstrips the capacity of institutions to address it. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

45. 3-45 Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability (continued) 3.An enormous amount of work will be required if the world is to shift to sustainable development – a complete overhaul of the world’s processes, systems, and infrastructure will be needed. 4.The engineering community should be leading the way toward sustainable development but has not yet assumed that responsibility. Civil engineers have few incentives to change. Most civil engineers deliver conventional engineering designs that meet building codes and protect the status quo. © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

46. 3-46 Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability (continued) 5.People outside the engineering community are capitalizing on new opportunity – for example, accounting firms and architects. The architects bring their practices into conformity with the U.S. Green Building Council’s leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.