1. K.K. GanP597 051 l Goals of High Energy Physics Research q determine ultimate constituents of matter q study nature of forces between constituents l Physics at smallest distance scale requires: P high precision: hundred million events P high energy: trillion eV (10 12 eV ) l Experiments are performed at international laboratories l Research groups: q BaBar/ATLAS: Profs. Gan, Honscheid, Kagan, Kass q CDF: Profs. Hughes, Winer q ZEUS/CMS: Profs. Durkin, Ling Experimental High Energy Physics

2. K.K. GanP597 052 l Searching for fundamental constituents has a long tradition: q Democritus: matter was made of hard and impervious atoms l Standard Model formulated in last 50 years: q three generations of fundamental particles q unification of weak and electromagnetic forces  triumphs of human intellect What We Know Now?

3. K.K. GanP597 053 l Why three generations of fundamental particles? q Any supersymmetric partners? l Why particles have masses? q Why neutrinos have tiny masses (e: m < 3 eV) q Why top quark (m = 2 x 10 11 eV) is heavier than gold atom?  Due to Higgs particle? l Why universe is mostly made of matter (e + p + n)? q Why particle and anti-particle decay slightly differently? l Any hidden extra dimension in addition of space & time? l Can gravity be unified with other three forces? What We Want to Know?

4. K.K. GanP597 054 l ATLAS Faculty: Gan, Kagan, Kass l CMS Faculty: Durkin, Ling l use pp collider at CERN (Geneva) q highest energy collider (2007): P CM energy: 14 x 10 12 eV q 40 millions pp collisions per second LHC Research Groups

5. K.K. GanP597 055 CERN ATLAS LHC 37 km CMS

6. K.K. GanP597 056 The Large Hadron Collider (CERN)

7. K.K. GanP597 057 Magnet Test CERN 1998

8. K.K. GanP597 058 CMS Detector

9. K.K. GanP597 059

10. K.K. GanP597 0510 4 Tesla Solenoid Magnet World Record: 35 Giga-Joules Stored Energy

11. K.K. GanP597 0511 CMS Endcap Muon Detector Cathode Strip Chambers mounted on magnetized iron disks 6 layers of anode wires interspaced with 6 segmented cathode planes

12. K.K. GanP597 0512 Buckeye chip (ASIC) FPGA firmware design CMS Endcap Muon Detector Electronics Cathode Front-end Board DAQ Motherboard DDU Board l OSU leads the electronic project (~200,000 Channels)

13. K.K. GanP597 0513

14. K.K. GanP597 0514 Cathode Front-end Boards

15. K.K. GanP597 0515 ATLAS Detector

16. K.K. GanP597 0516 l OSU is member of pixel vertex detector group: q ~ 70 millions pixels l OSU contribution: q optical electronics for the pixel detector P design and test two extremely radiation-hard chips: m use 0.25  m transistors m survive one week bombardment of 2 x 10 19 protons with energy of 24 x 10 9 eV u commercial chips will die within hours m #chips required: 600 each P design and test ceramic chip-carrier card m #cards required: 300 ATLAS Instrumentation Research

17. K.K. GanP597 0517 l What you can do: q use chip design program (CADENCE) to simulate chips P design high speed/high resolution digitizer chip for e + e - linear collider q design electronics for chip and chip-carrier card testing q participate in gamma (OSU), neutron (OSU reactor), proton (CERN) irradiations ATLAS Instrumentation Research P consumption of horse meat, escargot, pigeon at CERN not required  excellent experience for chip design/testing  get highly paid job in industry if interested

18. K.K. GanP597 0518 Opto-board Test System Shane Smith Kregg Arms Amir Rahimi opto-board test system 20 m fibers/wires spool opto-boards It took 15 man-hours to pack the cold box and shuttle test systems for CERN…

19. K.K. GanP597 0519 Opto-Board VDC housing DORIC opto-pack

20. K.K. GanP597 0520 l data collection: 2007 l Physics: q search for Higgs particle q search for supersymmetry particles q search for extra dimensions/gravitons/black holes q search for tiny difference between particle/anti-particle decays  many interesting thesis topics but students are advised to: P learn to design/test ATLAS/CMS hardwares P use BaBar/Zeus data for physics analysis topics LHC Physics Research

21. K.K. GanP597 0521 We may be on the Eve of Grand Unification ! Technicolor, and SUSY models will be testable at the LHC

22. K.K. GanP597 0522 A Copernican Revolution ! Einstein’s Cosmological Constant Quantum Mechanics  Non-Zero Vacuum Energy Calculated Ground State Energies are 50-120 orders of magnitude too high !

23. K.K. GanP597 0523 Astronomy has left us with an Untenable view of our Universe!

24. K.K. GanP597 0524 “Down the Rabbit Hole…”...

25. K.K. GanP597 0525 Simulated Higgs Event pp  H  ZZ             

26. K.K. GanP597 0526 l detector is like an international facility q your role is like working for a national lab q every physicist is a voting member in decision process l detector too sophisticated for a small group:  collaboration of physicists m BaBar/Zeus: 500 physicists m ATLAS/CMS: 2000 physicists  groups of physicists construct a sub-detector system  a physicist construct part of a sub-detector system  access right to data sample High Energy Physics Sociology

27. K.K. GanP597 0527 l you give talks to large audience  automatic exposure to international audience  important for future post-doc/faculty jobs m your senior collaborators write letters of recommendation based on your contributions l thesis topic physics analysis: m your result may be published with or without combining with other analyses How My Contributions Get Recognized?

28. K.K. GanP597 0528 l students receive RA support after satisfying Ph.D. qualifying requirements l students experience: m design/testing of state-of-art equipment m highly sophisticated analysis with intensive CPU m HEP is highly innovative: P medical accelerators, synchrotrons, WEB l travel: m may reside at international laboratories with living expenses subsidy m travel to international laboratories for tests, collaboration meetings, and conferences Graduate Studies in HEP

29. K.K. GanP597 0529 l HEP Ph.D. has no problem finding a post-doc job l HEP Ph.D. knows how to operate large and complex system  highly paid job in industry l Faculty job: Jobs…. m bad news: no easier than other sub-fields m good news: no worse than other sub-fields  you need to be damn good l National Lab job: m somewhat easier than faculty job  talk to HEP faculty to learn more about exciting programs…

30. K.K. GanP597 0530