1. Ends and Means of Development Srijit Mishra Contemporary Issues in HDP Jan-May 2012, IGIDR, Lecture 3 9 January 2011: 14.30-16.00 hrs

2. 9 Jan 12HDP2 Main points Development is a process of expanding freedoms. Emphasis on income dimension is like focusing on an important means. Enhancement of freedom can come about from multiple institutions. Market has a role to play, but so also would social support systems, public regulation and statecraft. Evaluative (normative) – enhance freedom and Effectiveness (free agency) – achievement depends on free agency

3. 9 Jan 12HDP3 Rights vs Duty Rights – claim – Duty Perfect duty (holding someone accountable in case of non-compliance requires clarity and exactness) Imperfect duty (social arrangement and moral values requires doing away with obstructions and impediments)

4. 9 Jan 12HDP4 Fierce vs Friendly Your views Fierce versus friendly process Toughness and discipline (certain things ranging from financial softness or political relaxation or plentiful social expenditure can be addressed later) Friendly process – mutually beneficial exchanges – social safety nets or political liberties or social development.

5. 9 Jan 12HDP5 Ends and Means Primary End Constitutive (Intrinsic) Evaluative-normative Whether freedom of political participation is conducive to development. Rich can also be deprived Principal Means Instrumental Effectiveness Question the question that political participation is constitutive of development Development as freedom addresses this

6. 9 Jan 12HDP6 Interconnections The interconnections between the five distinct types of freedom: (1) political freedoms (free speech, elections), (2) economic facilities (opportunities to participate in trade and production), (3) social opportunities (education and health), (4) transparency guarantees (trust to deal with others – can guard against corruption, financial irregularity and underhand dealings), and (5) protective security (provide for the vulnerable – social safety net).

7. 9 Jan 12HDP7 Some examples China-India contrast Economic growth versus support-led processes (length and quality of life) Mortality reduction during war years Democracy and famine Reading: Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, OUP, Delhi, 1999, Chapter 2.