1. OWL imports Nick Drummond or “How to make life hard for tool developers”

2. Overview Why Modularise? Example of a Modular Ontology Modularisation in OWL Importing in ProtegeOWL Problems with owl:imports Other uses of owl:imports

3. Why Modularise? “We’re rubbish at producing this – we just don’t have the resources”

4. Our Expertise

5. Someone else does it better

6. Why Modularise? “My ontology is HUGE” “I can’t find anything” “The tools are going REALLY slowly”

7. Why Modularise? “It’s easier to work on bits” “Some parts can be developed independently of the others” “We can control authorship more easily”

8. Why Modularise? Distribution of effort (get someone else to build it for you) Modularity (simplify/cognitive capacity) Scalability (Tool/Reasoner Performance) Control over what is published and how it is distributed (private/public access)

9. Biological processes Top ontology Domain ontology Utility ontologies (time, geospatial etc) Example of a Modular Ontology Test ontologies Annotations/metadata ontology (dublin core etc)

10. Modules can be… “Packets” of related concepts –Tidy subtrees in your ontology –Grouped by Semantic Similarity Engineering artefacts –Useful pieces like tests, annotations that may or may not be useful to all users –Layers of Complexity (or detail)

11. OWL mechanisms 1.owl:imports 2.external resources 3.namespaces xmlns:amino=" http://someUrl.com/amino-acid.owl#"

12. Semantics of owl:imports owl:imports rdf:resource="http://someUrl.com/B.owl" http://someUrl.com/A.owl rdf:Description rdf:about=" http://someUrl.com/B.owl#ThatClass rdf:Description rdf:about=" http://someUrl.com/B.owl#SomeClass What semantics? Most underspecified part of OWL Just takes all of the axioms (classes, properties, restrictions etc) in an ontology and bungs into the current one Transitive importing OK (dependencies) Circular dependencies are valid – issue for the tools

13. Ontology names and namespaces

14. Namespaces vs imports In semantic web languages, resources are identified by URI, and their descriptions can be distributed Namespaces are just a convenient way of adding a common URI prefix to group of resources The namespace associated with a resource is independent of the ontology or file it is defined in

15. Finding imports T he name of the imported ontology can be any URI Even if it is a (resolvable) URL, it does not have to exist in the “expected” location – although this is arguably Best Practice In theory, publishing ontologies to an appropriate location on the internet solves a lot of problems, but –Not everyone is always connected to the internet –Web sites go down (hopefully temporarily) –When still in the editing phase, it is difficult to “save to the internet”

16. Importing in Protégé

17. Useful to distribute “library” ontologies with your ontology Consider using current folder or a subfolder./imports

18. Ontology Repositories Local Folder Relative Folder Absolute Local file Remote URL

19. What happens when I change things? As we’ve said, OWL is semantic web language - so assertions are distributed How do we control where the axioms go? Question: add a restriction to imported class What file is this saved in?? Answer: in Protégé, they always go into the active ontology

20. Active ontology

21. Identifying imported classes (!) so:Something does NOT mean imported from so ontology

22. Other uses of owl:imports “Describing the overlap between two modules”

23. Alignment/Mapping of Ontologies

24. Problems with not importing Without importing the ontology it is unclear what is supposed to happen if an external ref is made How much (if any) of the referred to object should be brought in to the ontology Classification? Problems because external ref has no type (this is defined in the “remote” ontology), therefore OWL Full. sometimes the type information can be guessed at by the tools, depending on the surrounding context of the statement, but this should not be relied upon

25. Problems with owl:imports Granularity (all or nothing) Difficult to resolve the location of the imported ontology from its name Difficult to track where certain statements have been made (an issue?) Some of these issues may be looked at for the next version of OWL