1. Psychobiology, Behavior and Mental Disorder West Coast University NURS 204

2. Psychobiology The study of the brain structures, biochemical foundations, molecular and genetic influences on cognition, mood, emotion, affect, and behavior and the interactions among them

3. Psychobiology Considerations Developmental influences Genetics The endocrine and immune systems Temperament Resiliency to stress Impact of the environment

4. The brain comprises four major lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Broca’s area (found on the left frontal lobe) is the area responsible for the ability to speak but not the compre- hension of speech. Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe relays speech comprehension information to the frontal lobe. Source: Smock, T. K. (1999). Physiological psychology: A neuroscience approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

5. Cerebum Cerebral hemispheres Conscious thought process, intellectual functions Memory storage and processing Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

6. Limbic System Functions Components Cerebral Component: Amygdala & Hippocampus Reticular Activating System: Network of Nuclei Extrapyramidal System: Complex relays in the cortex, cerebellum, brain stem and thalamus Diencephalic System: Thalamus & Hypothalamus

7. Pituitary Gland Primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems Secretes hormones that is carried through the bloodstream and trigger the activities of the other endocrine glands

8. Basal Ganglia Starting and stopping movements, planning motor activities, mediating hallucinations and delusions, and processing emotions and memories High concentration of dopamine receptors, acetylcholine, GABA and peptides Deficit of dopamine in this area is associated with Parkinson’s disease

9. Cerebellum Main function is movement, posture, balance, and sensory-motor coordination Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns and adjusts the output of other somatic motor center in the brain and spinal cord

10. Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain Autonomic Nervous System

11. Neuromessenger Alterations Schizophrenia DA Bipolar disorder DA, 5-HT, NE, Ach, GABA and peptides Major depression 5-HT and NE

12. Neuromessenger Alterations - continued Alzheimer’s Disease Ach, NE, 5-HT, DA and peptides Anxiety Disorders NE, 5-HT, GABA, and peptides

13. Genetic Connections Schizophrenia Bipolar I Schizoaffective Disorder

14. Genetic Considerations Multiple gene theory Environmental influences

15. Psychoendocrinology The interaction of the brain with the endocrine system

16. Psychoneuroimmunology The study of the links between thoughts, emotions, the nervous system, and the immune system

17. Biologic Contribution and Nursing Practice Integration of psychobiology Psychotropic medications Enhancing the nursing process

18. Partnering with Families Removing stigma Teaching Increasing motivation