1. Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC Kenta Shigaki (Hiroshima University ) for the ALICE (and PHENIX) Collaboration(s) Symposium on QCD Phase Diagram, New Frontiers in QCD 2010 March 10, 2010 Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University

2. experimental expeditions on QCD phase diagram two exciting news from RHIC/LHC –temperature well above the boundary at RHIC –start of LHC/ALICE physics programs first physics results from ALICE plans/schedule/strategies/prospects at ALICE –prospects for year-1 Pb+Pb –toward thermal photons summary and concluding remarks Presentation Outline NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 1/3210.03.2010

3. toward deconfined partonic phase lattice QCD predictions –critical temperature ~ 170 MeV –critical energy density ~ 1 GeV/fm 3 High Energy A+A Collisions Color Super-Conductivity Color-Flavor Locking Tri-Critical Point Baryon Density Energy Density (Temperature) Nucleus Deconfined Partonic Phase (Quark-Gluon Plasma) Hadron Gas Neutron Star? Critical Temperature ~ 170 MeV F. Karsch, Lect. Notes Phys. 583 (2002) 209 Expeditions on QCD Phase Diagram NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki Early Universe 2/3210.03.2010

4. temperature above T c measured at RHIC –ref. PRC accepted, arXiv:0912.0244 [nucl-ex] –17.02.2010 BNL/PHENIX press release first long physics run starting at ALICE/LHC –900 GeV, 2.36 TeV p+p achieved in 2009 –7 TeV p+p in preparation –2.8 TeV Pb+Pb scheduled in later 2010 and in 2011 Two Exciting News from RHIC/LHC NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 3/3210.03.2010

5. maximal set of probes and physics channels special emphasis on leptons and photons rare process capability with high trigger rate Au+Au/Cu+Cu/d+Au/p+p in last 10 years Pioneering High Energy Nucl. Int. eXp. 4/3210.03.2010 NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki

6. thermal radiation if in equilibrium emission spectrum  temperature real and virtual thermal photons Photons as Thermometer NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 5/3210.03.2010

7. Physics via Photons in HI Collisions Pre-equilibrium Thermalization QGP phase? Mixed phase Hadronization (Freeze-out) + Expansion Compton/Annihillation Fragmentation Prompt Photon Jet-Photon Conversion Jet-Bremsstrahlung (QGP) Jet+Medium Thermal Photon (QGP) Thermal Photon (HG) Thermal Photon NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 6/3210.03.2010

8. high p T : pQCD photons low p T : photons from hadronic gas intermediate p T : QGP thermal photons dominant ! also other sources plus hadron decay photons everywhere Where to Catch Thermal Photons NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki S.Turbide et al., PRC 69 014903 q qg      hadron decay photons 7/3210.03.2010

9. PRL 94, 232301 (2005) Naïve Way: Direct Real Photons NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki measured as “excess” above hadron decay photon –Au+Au result consistent with pQCD×binary scaling challenging at low p T due to small S/B ratio 8/3210.03.2010

10. low mass electron-positron pairs p+p: hadronic decay + pQCD photon at high p T Au+Au: enhancement above ~ 135 MeV –no  0 decay virtual photon above  0 mass Alternative: “Almost Real” Photons NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 9/32 A. Adare et al., PRL accepted 10.03.2010

11. real and virtual photon methods consisitent p+p data consistent with pQCD down to low p T Au+Au above scaled pQCD at low p T –excess ~ exponential with 221  19  19 MeV NLO pQCD (W. Vogelsang) Direct Photon Spectra via  and  * NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 10/32 A. Adare et al., PRL accepted 10.03.2010

12. Initial Temperature Evaluation NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki slope transition temperature 11/32 A. Adare et al., PRC accepted 10.03.2010 initial temperature > data slope ~ 220 MeV 300–600 MeV from models –hydro-dynamical models describing data within factor of 2 –w/  0 = 0.15–0.6 fm/c cf. phase transition predicted at ~ 170 MeV

13. phase boundary: T c ~ 170 MeV,  c ~ 1 GeV/fm 3 Across the Boundary and Beyond NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki “perfect fluid” “free gas” ? 12/3210.03.2010

14. the heavy ion experiment at LHC 30 countries; ~ 100 institutes; > 1,000 members A Large Ion Collider Experiment ALICE CMS LHCb ATLAS NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 13/3210.03.2010

15. ~ 16:35 ALICE Control Room on 23.11.2009 NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 14/3210.03.2010

16. The First Event ~ 16:41 NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 15/3210.03.2010

17. Collisions! Collisions!! Collisions!!! ~ 16:42 NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 16/32 events reconstructed in hours 10.03.2010

18. charged particle density measurement dN ch /d  in p+p at 900 GeV –3.10  0.13  0.22 (inel.) –3.51  0.15  0.25 (NSD) First LHC Physics Paper, 28.11.2009 NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki ALICE Collaboration Eur.Phys.J.C65:111-125, 2010 National Geographic News (04.12.2009) ‘….a machine called ALICE.... found that a (!) proton-proton collision recorded on November 23 created the precise ratio of matter and antimatter particles predicted from theory..’ 17/3210.03.2010

19. Charged Particle Density NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki ALICE Collaboration Eur.Phys.J.C65:111-125, 2010 + work in progress at 2.36 GeV ALICE Collaboration Eur.Phys.J.C65:111-125, 2010 consistent with p+p and observed  s dependence allowing extrapolation to LHC top energy p+p –dN ch /d  5.5 (inelastic), 5.9 (non single diffractive) 18/3210.03.2010

20. ALICE Now in Full Glory NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 19/32 stable beam declared on 06.12.2009 –all ALICE detectors turned on ~ 400K “good” p+p events at 900 GeV thru 14.12 –all detectors included; magnets on –detailed dector validation –next-to-first physics also ~ 30K p+p events at 2.36 TeV –the highest ever! 10.03.2010

21. wide range of 0.15–10 GeV/c note: preliminary efficiency/purity corrections Transverse Momentum (p T ) Spectrum ALICE- TPC Preliminary all plots: preliminary calibration & alignment ! NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 20/3210.03.2010

22. in 0.3–4.0 GeV/c and |  | < 0.8 sensitive to QCD phenomenology... and Its Mean versus Multiplicity ALICE- TPC Preliminary all plots: preliminary calibration & alignment ! NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 21/3210.03.2010

23. PID essential for heavy ion physics Featured Particle Identification 15/2/2006 LHCC Status Report J. Schukraft Electrons Pions Protons Kaons Pions all plots: preliminary calibration & alignment ! NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 22/32 TPC no vertex cut ITS TOF TRD 10.03.2010

24. Short-Lived Particle Reconstruction PDG: 1115.7 MeV PDG: 497.6 MeV K 0 s         PDG: 1019.5 MeV  p  PDG: 1115.7 MeV  p  NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 23/32  p  all plots: preliminary calibration & alignment ! 10.03.2010

25. ... via Photonic Channels TPC rods SSD TPC vessel 1 TPC vessel 2 SDD SPD  conversion vertices ALICE-PHOS  0   1 < p T < 1.5 GeV/c NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 24/32  0   e  e  e  e  all plots: preliminary calibration & alignment ! 10.03.2010

26. di-hadron correlations Already a Glimpse of (Mini-)Jets NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 25/32 single p+p event at 900 GeV ALICE preliminary p+p at 900 GeV 4.0 < p T trig < 6.0 GeV/c 2.0 < p T assoc < 4.0 GeV/c all plots: preliminary calibration & alignment ! 10.03.2010

27. More Physics to Bloom Real Soon p/p ratio to study baryon transport via di-quark stopping or gluon junctions   HBT correlation function to study space-time evolution (also reference for heavy ion data) data Monte Carlo (no HBT correlations) TOF PID spectra to study particle production NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 26/32 work in progress - “raw” plots: no/incomplete correction for efficiency, acceptance, resolution, background, … 10.03.2010

28. LHC Run Plan and Schedule NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 27/32 as of 05.02.2010 LHC run history and schedule –09.2008 first beam circulation –11–12.2009 p+p,  s = 900 GeV, 2.36 TeV –2010–2011 p+p at  s = 7 TeV Pb+Pb at  s NN = 2.8 TeV –expectations in following few years p+p  s = 14 TeV, 10 31 cm  2 s  1 (ALICE), 10 7 s/y  s = 5.5 TeV, 10 31 cm  2 s  1, 10 6 s/y×1 y Pb+Pb  s NN = 5.5 TeV, 10 27 cm  2 s  1, 10 6 s/y p+Pb  s NN = 8.8 TeV, 10 29 cm  2 s  1, 10 6 s/y×1 y Ar+Ar  s NN = 6.3 TeV, 10 29 cm  2 s  1, 10 6 s/y×1 y 10.03.2010

29. ALICE Status and Prospects configuration in 2009–2011 –full: ITS, TPC, TOF, HMPID, muon, trigger detectors –partial: TRD (7/18), PHOS (3/5), EMC (2/5.5) –reduced: high level trigger (60%) i.e. currently: –almost full hadron/muon  capability –partial electron/photon capability mid-term plan for completion and more –full TRD, PHOS, EMC –enhanced higher level trigger –additional EMC coverage, forward calorimeter, … NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 28/3210.03.2010

30. Key Device to Attack Photons in HIC thermal ~ e  E/T hadron decays jet-medium interaction jet-photon conversion bremsstrahlung pQCD processes ~ p T  n compton scattering annihilation fragmentation NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki ALICE photon spectrometer: PHOS –photons, nuetral mesons, jet tagging + L0, L1 trigger capability wide coverage from 100 MeV to 100 GeV –high eneregy resolution, high granularity  /E ~ 3 %/  E up to 100 GeV PbWO 4 crystals of 22 (1.0 R Moliere )×22×180 (20 X 0 ) mm 3 APD + charge sensitive pre-amplifier readout cooled and controlled at  25  0.1  C –|  | < 0.12,  = 100  at 4.6 m 56×64×5 modules; 17,920 channels, 12.5 t –3 (/5) modules ready for physics 29/3210.03.2010

31. Physics Prospects for Year-1 Pb+Pb NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki (very) high p T neutral meson suppression –enough acceptance/statistics in year-1 p+p and Pb+Pb comparable to (or better than) years at RHIC higher p T reach + stronger suppression at LHC –clearer measurement of quark energy loss –(less background for direct photon measurement) 30/3210.03.2010

32. Toward Thermal Photons! NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki prospect of direct measurement only at LHC –higher temperature + longer life time –reduced background due to quenching –ALICE-PHOS detector signal/background ~ 4–10 % (3 GeV/c) – 25–50 % (10 GeV/c) systematic error ~ 8.9 % (2 GeV/c) – 5.7 % (10 GeV/c) access to thermal properties of partonic system –Quark-Gluon Plasma factory 31/3210.03.2010

33. phase boundary crossed at RHIC! –T init = 300–600 MeV w/  0 = 0.6–0.15 fm/c “measured” transition predicted at ~ 170 MeV by lattice QCD LHC/ALICE finally started –900 GeV, 2.36 TeV p+p achieved in 2009 –7 TeV p+p and 2.8 TeV Pb+Pb in 2010–2011 exciting physics harvest coming really soon –long p+p and first Pb+Pb runs scheduled in 2010 at LHC toward partonic phase properties –“soft” photonic probes for comprehensive understanding –theoretical inputs essential; final call for “predictions” Summary and Concluding Remarks NFQCD’10 – Expeditions beyond QCD Phase Boundary at LHC and RHIC - K.Shigaki 32/3210.03.2010