1. Chapter 32-36

2. Theories on Communism Domino Theory -1 country falls to communism, whole region becomes communist Non-alignment - policy of neutrality Example: Indian didn’t side w/ U.S. or U.S.S.R in Cold War

3. India after WWII Partition of India (1947) India divided into Muslim & Hindu states (Pakistan & India) Very violent Indira Gandhi 1 st female leader of Independent India 1964

4. Communist China Mao Zedong Communist Chinese leader 1949 Mao’s programs of reform Great Leap Forward Failed economic plan Cultural Revolution Violent campaign to rid China old ways and instill socialist customs Tiananmen Square Massacre Pro-democracy student protests put down violently 1989

5. Korean War War b/w Communist N. Korea and Democratic S. Korea Cease fire 1953 Divided Korea 38 th parallel

6. Vietnam War 1945 - 1975 Ho Chi Minh Communist N. Vietnam leader Viet Minh Ho Chi Minh’s guerilla fighters End of Vietnam War South surrendered to North Vietnam united into one, under communism

7. Cambodia during Vietnam War Home of Ho Chi Minh Trail Taken o/ Khmer Rouge Communist political party led by Pol Pot Committed acts of genocide

8. Africa after WWII Pan-Africanism Nationalistic movement for cultural unity & freedom in Africa

9. South Africa Apartheid “apartness” Policy segregation in S. Africa Ended 1994 Nelson Mandela Led campaign against apartheid Became first president of new S. Africa

10. Suez Canal Crisis 1956 Egyptian President Adel Nasser nationalized Suez Canal Consequence – GB, France, Israel attacked Egypt Crisis diverted by U.S. President Eisenhower

11. Tensions b/w Israel & Palestine Israel founded 1948 This upset Arab Palestinians & fighting ensued After repeated losses, Palestinians lost hope in gov. ability to reclaim Palestinian land and started guerilla org. PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

12. 1971 Iranian Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini o/threw Reza Shah Pahlavi

13. Persian Gulf War 1990-1991 AKA Operation Desert Storm Cause: Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait Outcome: U.S. and coalition forces removed Saddam from Kuwait, not from Iraq

14. OPEC Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries

15. Cuban Missile Crisis Standoff b/w U.S. (JFK) and U.S.S.R. (Khrushchev) in Cuba (Castro) U.S.S.R placed missiles in Communist Cuba Reason – to protect Cuba from U.S. invasion Cuba fearful of invasion b/c U.S. tried to o/throw Castro in failed Bay of Pigs invasion Crisis avoided

16. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement Canada, U.S. and Mexico

17. Germany Ostpolitik “Eastern Policy” (1969) W. Germany’s attempt to improve relations with E. Europe

18. Fall of Communism 1970’s Brezhnev Doctrine USSR intervene in any country moving away from communism 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev Began series of reforms: Perestroika “restructuring” Glasnost “openness” New democratic reforms made it hard to keep USSR together 1991 USSR fell Boris Yeltsin became president new Russian Federation

19. Modern World Population and Climate 2003, 6.3 billion people Effect increase pollution Effects of pollution: Acid rain – toxic rain Greenhouse effect – warming of earth’s temp., increased desertification and water levels Thinning ozone layer

20. Advances in Science Laser – intense beam travels in straight line Used in communications and medicine Genetics – study heredity Understanding genetic code could lead to new cures or cloning

21. Advances in Travel Air plane Space shuttle Apollo 11 1st moon landing

22. Communication Devices