1. Study of Cherenkov detectors for high momentum charged particle identification in ALICE experiment at LHC Guy Paic Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares UNAM For the VHMPID group

2. New aspects of physics at LHC Hard collisions among partons collisions SPS: 98% soft, il 2% hard; collisions RHIC: 50% soft, 50 % hard; collisions LHC: 2% soft, il 98 % hard. RHIC measured an increase of the production of baryons and antibaryons with respect to mesons at momenta p T ≈ 2 – 5 GeV/c, Results of RHIC @ BNL

3. Predictions for LHC The results of RHIC are interpreted in the framework of partonic recombination or coalescence The high density of particles favors the recombination of partons in baryons Some predictions for LHC favor strongly the production of baryons in a large momentum range p T ≈ 10 – 20 GeV/c (ref. Rudolph C. Hwa, C. B. Yang, arXiv:nucl-th/0603053 v2 21 Jun 2006 )

4. pioni HMPID RICH, PID @ high p T HMPID RICH, PID @ high p T ITS Vertexing, low p t tracking and PID with dE/dx ITS Vertexing, low p t tracking and PID with dE/dx TPC Main Tracking, PID with dE/dx TPC Main Tracking, PID with dE/dx TRD Electron ID, Tracking TRD Electron ID, Tracking TOF PID @ intermediate p T TOF PID @ intermediate p T PHOS ,  0 - ID PHOS ,  0 - ID MUON  -ID MUON  -ID + T0,V0, PMD,FMD and ZDC Forward rapidity region + T0,V0, PMD,FMD and ZDC Forward rapidity region L3 Magnet B=0.2-0.5 T L3 Magnet B=0.2-0.5 T The detectors of ALICE

5. THe experiment ALICE Excellent particle identification:  ITS + TPC :  TOF :  TRD :  HMPID : (1÷5 GeV/c). 0 1 2 3 4 5 p (GeV/c) TPC + ITS (dE/dx)  /K /K/K K/ p e /  HMPID (RICH) TOF 1 10 100 p (GeV/c) TRD e /  /K/K K/ p

6. VHMPID  At present there is no identification track by track available in ALICE for p > 5 GeV/c  We are studying 5÷10 GeV/c  VHMPID (Very High Momentum Particle Identifier Detector).  We tried several posibilities of designing a Cherenkov counter which will allow us to obtain an identification from ~10 to ~30 GeV/c for protons Aerogel Gas Cherenkov in different geometries

7. Gas choice CF 4 produces scintillation photons which produce unwanted background (N ph ≈ 1200/MeV), C 4 F 10 is no more produced because of the ozone hole We therefore continue our work with C 5 F 12.

8. p1> 17 GeV/c p0  K 19 < p < 17 GeV/c K, p0  13< p < 9 GeV/c e0< 3 GeV/c Particle Id.C 4 F 10 momentum CF 4 Particle Id. < 5 GeV/c0e 5 < p < 16 GeV/c1  0K, p 16 < p < 30 GeV/c1 , K 16 < p < 30 GeV/c0p > 30 GeV/c1p Momentum intervals for different particles p1> 15 GeV/c p0  K 18 < p < 15 GeV/c K, p0  12.5< p < 8 GeV/c e0< 2.5 GeV/c Particle Id.C 5 F 12 Impulso CF 4 (n ≈ 1.0005,  th ≈ 31.6) C 4 F 10 (n ≈ 1.0014,  th ≈ 18.9) C 5 F 12 (n ≈ 1.002,  th ≈ 15.84) 3< p < 9 GeV/c 9 < p < 17 GeV/c 2.5< p < 8 GeV/c 8 < p < 15 GeV/c

9. Setups TIC (Threshold Imaging Cherenkov) setup: the photons are reflected into the detector of phoptons by a mirror – the MIP signal is absent Proximity-geometry setup: the signal from the MIP is present. The gas length is the same in all positions

10. Topology of the blobs in the TIC setup N ph (  = 1) ≈ (1.4 eV -1 cm -1 )*(3 eV)*(115 cm) ≈ 480, ≈ 24 ≈ 55 15 GeV/c 3 GeV/c

11. Topology of the blobs – proximity focusing setup N ph (  = 1) ≈ (1.4 eV -1 cm -1 )*(3 eV)*(180 cm) ≈ 760, MA ≈ 43 3 GeV/c 15 GeV/c

12. Diameter of the photon blob A special algorithm was developed to determine the photon blob We consider that the radius R is given by the circle which contains of the pads registered.

13. Separation power

14. Interaction point VHMPID box Study of background and occupancy in ALICE The coordinates in the ALICE reference system are C(0, 5.04 m, 4 m). we simulated 3000 HIJING events; B = 0.5 Tesla; We have simulated a detector inserted in the ALICE simulation framework with all the other detector present

15. Particelle cariche totali Particelle cariche con impulso maggiore dell’impulso di soglia Cherenkov ≈ 47 ≈ 17

16. Occupancy Occupancy ≈ 5.8 %

17. Conclusions I We abandon the TIC geometry 1. It is difficult to build large size detectors in this geometry 2. The form of the blob depends from the point of imapact 3. the absence of the MIP signal in conditions of large background as in PbPb collisions at LHC is making the tracking difficult

18. Study of the particle identification with the focusing geometry Photon detector information Radius of the blob Number of pad in the blob 25 GeV/c proton

19. ID for a single particle

20. ID in Pb-Pb events

21. Conclusion II The proximity focusing design is very sensitive to background and therefore difficult to identify without substantial misidentification

22. Focussing VHMPID focusing properties of spherical mirrors which have been successfully used in many RICH detectors the photons emitted in the radiator focus in a plane that is located at 120cm from the mirror center. The spherical mirror radius is 240 cm, the hexagon radius is 30 cm, the radiator tank is 60 x 60 x 120 cm, and the detector 60 x 10 x 2 cm.

23. Digitization & Detector Response The simulations include the CsI quantum efficiency of the photocathode, the gas transmittance, and the optical characteristics of the proposed materials. Plus the response and digitization of the CsI+MWPC photon detector

24. Number of detected photons

25. Occupancy

26. PID separation

27. 24 GeV/c 16 GeV/c 26 GeV/c

28. Background

29. Conclusions III The focusing geometry offers a real possibility to identify the protons in a large momentum range We are working on deatiled pattern recognition for this setup We are working on the phton detector design and tests using gas electron multipliers (GEM)