1. XIII. Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Scheme Need to get people into the territories to make railroad a reality Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty in Kansas (slave) and Nebraska (free) territories –The Kansas-Nebraska Act defied the Compromises of 1820 and 1850, which caused an uproar in the North and reopened the slavery question

2. XIV. Congress Legislates a Civil War In retaliation, Northerners voided the Fugitive Slave Law Republican party grew in protest to immorality of slavery –Gathered Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know- Nothings and other foes of Kansas-Nebraska Act –Formation of the Republican party created sectional rift

3. Chap. 19 1854-1861 Drifting Toward Disunion Essential Question: To what extent were individual personalities* responsible for the Civil War? *“Personalities” = individual people, not their characteristics

4. I. Stowe and Helper:Literary Incendiaries Harriet Beecher Stowe –White woman, never lived in South –Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 –Response to Fug. Slave Law –Awakened the North to horrors of slavery; Simon Legree –“Little woman who wrote the book that made this great war” Hinton R. Helper –Impending Crisis of the South 1857 –Says non-slave holding whites suffered most from slavery Both books were banned/burned in South

6. II. The North-South Contest for Kansas Many northerners rushing to Kansas to make it free,; South felt betrayedMany northerners rushing to Kansas to make it free,; South felt betrayed Election of 1855 for territorial legislature:Election of 1855 for territorial legislature: –“Border ruffians” poured in from Mo. to vote for slavery –Resistance by the “Jayhawkers” –Slavery supporters won, set up puppet gov’t in Shawnee Mission –Free-Soilers set up their own regime in Topeka Inhabitants had to choose between 2 governmentsInhabitants had to choose between 2 governments –Also feuded over land claims Burning of Lawrence by Quantrill’s RaidersBurning of Lawrence by Quantrill’s Raiders 200 brutally killed200 brutally killed

7. III. Kansas in Convulsion John Brown –Dedicated to abolitionist cause; seeking revenge –May 1856 Pottawatomie Creek ghastly killings for Lawrence Kansas ready for statehood; needs Constitution Lecompton Constitution –by proslaverites; backed by Buchanan –Slavery protected regardless –Slaveryites won –Douglas came up w/ another compromise; freesoilers won –Buchanan’s support of this split Democratic party along sectional lines; no solution - FYI: Kansas will stay w/ Union

8. IV. “Bully” Brooks and His Bludgeon Charles Sumner –Leading abolitionist –“The Crime Against Kansas” speech insulted S. C. Preston Brooks of S.C. –Pounded Sumner with a cane until it broke –Resigned from the House, but then reelected –“Bully Brooks” –from the Southern point of view

9. V. “Old Buck” versus “The Pathfinder” Election of 1856 Democrats chose James Buchanan; for popular sovereignty Republicans chose John C. Fremont; against spread of slavery –Neither were involved in the Kansas-Nebraska ordeal Know-Nothing party formed due to immigration; old Whigs joined –Anti-foreignism and anti-Catholic –Nominated Fillmore –“Americans must rule America” –Cut Republican strength

10. VI. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 Buchanan won the election –D Buchanan1741.8 mil. –R Fremont1141.3 mil. –KN Fillmore 8.9 mil. Fremont lost many votes because of doubts as to his honesty, capacity, and sound judgment Also threat that a sectional Republican elected would lead to South’s secession John C. Fremont James Buchanan

11. VII. Dred Scott Bombshell Dred Scott case 1857 Majority of Court was Southern –Dred Scott, black slave, sued for freedom –Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled he was a slave, not a citizen, and could not sue in federal courts –Moreover also ruled that slaves can be taken into any territory –Thus ruled Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional! –Split North and South further

12. VIII. The Financial Crash of 1857 Causes: –CA gold helped inflate currency –Demands of Crimean War for grain –Speculation in land and RR 5,000 businesses failed within 1 year North was hurt, South was unscathed –Adds to South’s delusion about King Cotton Northerners want free farms: 1860 Congress passed Homestead Act –160 acres at 25 cents @, but vetoed Created desire for higher tariffs

13. IX. Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges Republicans chose lawyer Abraham Lincoln to run for Illinois senator against Douglas “Honest Abe” Kansas-Nebraska Act had angered him

14. X. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates known as Lincoln-Douglas Debates Douglas made the “Freeport Doctrine” –Question: How could people in territory vote slavery down if the Supreme Court had said they couldn’t? –Answer: Laws to protect slavery would not be approved, so slavery would essentially disappear. Douglas won when state legislature voted, but Lincoln won the moral victory because more people supported him Douglas’ position further split the Dem. party

15. XI. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr? John Brown: –Seized arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in Vir. to have slave revolt and establish free black state –Convicted of treason and murder –Hanged –Martyr to North, Murderer to South! John Brown at Harper’s Ferry

16. John Brown

17. XII. The Disruption of the Democrats Democrats deeply divided Many seceded from the Democratic National Convention viewing Douglas as a traitor Northern Democrats nominated Douglas –For popular sovereignty and for obeying Fugitive Slave Law Southern Democrats chose John C. Breckenridge –For extension of slavery and annexation of Cuba Constitutional Union party elected John Bell –Popular w/ Whigs and Know Nothings –Platform unclear

18. XIII. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union splitting of Democratic party set the stage for Republican win Seward best known, but not chosen Republican platform: –Non-extension of slavery –Protective tariff –Free homesteads –Pacific railroad –Internal improvements Lincoln won easily (His vp running mate is Hannibal Hamlin) Lincoln as the “rail-splitter”

19. XV. The Secessionist Exodus South Carolina seceded then 6 more = 7 4 more will later (after Ft. Sumter) Created Confederate States of America –Jefferson Davis elected President Lame Duck Buchanan does nothing Public opinion in North was not leaning towards fighting

20. XVI. The Collapse of Compromise John J. Crittenden –Crittenden Amendments/Compromise Ban slavery north of the 36˚30’ line during territorial status Protect slavery south of line during territorial status Future states could chose either way, regardless of N or S of 36 30’ –Rejected by Lincoln

21. XVII. Farewell to Union Secession occurred because: –Slaveholders felt threatened –Growing power of Republicans –Believed they would be unopposed by North Southerners developed their own banking and shipping -Their right to self-determination -Just like the 13 colonies! -“when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security…”