1. What is Europe like after WWI? What problems do you think the Treaty of Versailles will cause? Chaotic-riots, unrest Cities, farms, buildings destroyed by war Germany’s economy in ruins because they were forced to pay REPARATIONS, also had to accept full blame for the war and reduce their military/weapons Italy did not get the Adriatic Coast New countries were created based on SELF- DETERMINATION Russian Revolution-civil war and COMMUNISTS took over, it became USSR League of Nations created-goal was to keep the peace-weak organization

2. “The Wasteland:” Europe After the Great War http://socialistpartyscotland.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/WW1D-480x330.jpg

3. Ypres, Belgium: Cloth Hall Before and After http://www.elfinspell.com/images/YpresClothPicB.jpg

4. Verdun after the Battle http://hroderich.free.fr/cartpost/Lorraine/Verdun.jpg

5. REMEMBERANCE POPPIES http://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/129/590x/08f22poppyfeild-463717.jpg

6. Remembering WWI: Why the Poppy? The poppy has a long association with Remembrance Day. But how did the distinctive red flower become such a potent symbol of our remembrance of the sacrifices made in past wars? Scarlet corn poppies (popaver rhoeas) grow naturally in conditions of disturbed earth throughout Western Europe. In late 1914, the fields of Northern France and Flanders were ripped open as World War One raged through Europe's heart. Once the conflict was over, the poppy was one of the only plants to grow on the otherwise barren battlefields. The significance of the poppy as a lasting memorial symbol to the fallen was realized by the Canadian surgeon John McCrae in his poem “In Flanders Fields.” The poppy came to represent the immeasurable sacrifice made by his comrades and quickly became a lasting memorial to those who died in World War One and later conflicts. http://www.bbc.co.uk/remembrance/how/poppy.shtml

7. Rebuilding… European Countries needed help after the war was over, especially Germany. In 1924, an international commission produced a new plan for Reparations called THE DAWES PLAN. It reduced the amount that Germany had to pay and then set up a payment schedule based on what Germany could actually pay. In addition, US investors helped loan money to Germany so that they could pay back GB, France, and Belgium. League of Nations : Many European nations joined, including even Germany in 1926. But again, the alliance was very weak and the members could not agree to use force against aggression. Kellogg-Briand Pact : This was a pact, written by the US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The 63 nations that signed the pact pledged to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy.” Nothing was said, however, about what would be done if anyone violated the pact-there would be no way to enforce these promises. The pact also said nothing about limiting armies/weapons. Nations were unwilling to cut back because they still feared for their security.

8. Great Depression CAUSES: 1) OVERPRODUCTION: Now that countries were no longer at war, there was less need for mass-produced goods or for the amount of food/crops that farmers provided during the war. However, farmers and factories continued to overproduce, which caused prices to drastically fall and so they did not get as much money. In order to cover the loss, workers were fired or were paid significantly less, farmers suffered, and governments started to raise tariffs on foreign goods-ALL OF WHICH MADE THINGS WORSE! 2) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CRISIS : When the US Stock Market crashed in 1929, it caused a world-wide PANIC. The US stopped investing abroad (they had loaned money to many Allies as well as to Germany so it could pay back the war reparations). Without US investment, Germany could not pay their reparations. The US also stopped trading with GB and France as much because of the high tariffs, so they lost money.

9. Great Depression By the Numbers… United States: 1 in 4 people were unemployed (12 million) 9,000 banks went out of business 9 million savings accounts were wiped out 86,000 businesses failed Breadline: Waiting for Food in Louisville, KY… Notice the irony in the sign! http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fileadmin/historyLearningSite/great-depression-flood.jpg A mother and her children in “the Dustbowl” http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/newsroom/img/ mt/2014/08/8b29516v/lead.jpg?nazbsw

10. DateGerman MarkWhat its Worth in US Dollars 19144.2 Marks$1 November 1, 1923130 Billion Marks$1 November 30, 19234.2 Trillion Marks$1 German Hyperinflation Germany: Germany: 40% of the labor force were out of work (4.38 million people)

11. https://www.pinterest.com/WHShistory/the-effects-of-hyperinflation-in-germany-by-tasha-/ Workers had to carry their weekly pay home in wheelbarrows

12. Germans used their money for wallpaper https://www.pinterest.com/WHShistory/the-effects-of-hyperinflation-in-germany-by-tasha-/

13. http://www.nhorizon.net/history-pics/hyperinflation-2.jpg

14. Literature after WWI Like artists, writers were also heavily influenced by the devastation and horror of the Great War. LOST GENERATION : This was a nickname given to a group of influential writers after WWI, like Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and T.S. Eliot. The nickname signifies a disillusioned postwar generation characterized by lost values, lost belief in the idea of human progress, and a mood of futility and despair leading to hedonism. The mood is described by F. Scott Fitzgerald in This Side of Paradise (1920) when he writes of a generation that found "all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken.“ http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americannovel/timeline/lostgeneration.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/americannovel/timeline/lostgeneration.html NEW TECHNIQUES: “STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS”: a literary style in which a character's thoughts, feelings, and reactions are depicted in a continuous flow uninterrupted by objective description or conventional dialogue. Writers also reflected on Psychology and Religious Themes in their works. They often focused on loneliness, emptiness, spiritual confusion/indifference, etc.

15. Excerpts from T.S. Eliot’s “The Wasteland” “And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind you Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handful of dust.” “What have we given? My friend, blood shaking my heart The awful daring of a moment’s surrender Which an age of prudence can never retract By this, and this only, we have existed.” “He who was living is now dead We who were living are now dying With a little patience.”

16. Music after WWI Jazz was a genre created by African Americans at the turn of the 20 th century. It started in New Orleans and spread to St. Louis, Chicago, and New York. Jazz has roots in the rhythms of West African Griots (storytellers) and expresses the unique heritage and culture of African Americans in order to unite and inspire them to be proud and stand up for their rights. Jazz was popular with both black and white audiences, infusing African-American culture with the mainstream, even during a period of widespread segregation in the US. Jazz later became popular around the world. Jazz is characterized by improvisation, rhythm, soul, harmony, and energy. You will have the chance to hear some music later on! Rap, Hip Hop, and Rock are all derived from Jazz, so you can thank John Coltrane, Herbie Hancock, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, and Billie Holiday (woman) for the music you enjoy today! Check out who influenced your favorite artists on the history of American music handout.

17. Art after WWI Art movements after the war reflected the artists’ feelings and experiences of living through the Great War. Abstract art, a fascination with the absurd and the unconscious mind, and the horror of war became common themes in art. A common sentiment among artists was “The world does not make sense, so why should art?” DADA: Artists were obsessed by the idea that life had no purpose. They were horrified by what they saw in the war, and tried to express this in their art. Artists often used collage or photomontage techniques, and most created work that was deemed absurd or tasteless. SURREALISM: This movement sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious. By portraying fantasies, dreams, and even nightmares, surrealists sought to show the greater reality that exists beyond the world of the here and now. ABSTRACT: Although this movement had already developed before the war, it became even more popular after the war. Artists used color, shapes, and form to create an aesthetic experience that engaged the eye.

18. Gallery Walk You are now going to do a “Gallery Walk” around the room to analyze some important works of art created after WWI. For each painting, think about the following: What you notice in the painting How it makes you feel What message you think the artist is trying to convey in his work.

19. http://sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us/users/ehshist/public_html/guernica%20Picasso.jpg Picasso: “Guernica”

20. Otto Dix: “Self Portrait as Target” http://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f353f4e4b0dbe1ff73ced2/549e4d02e4b0bef254f0936a/549e4d05e4 b0894648c9e877/1419662035346/21+Dix+Storm+troopers+advancing+under+a+gas+attack+from+the+portf olio+War+1924.jpg

21. John Nash: “Oppy Wood” https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/da/ae/2f/daae2f1d8306eefe7349761cc999e87c.jpg

22. SURREALISM Dali: “The Persistence of Memory” http://blogs.rockingham.k12.va.us/textbook02/files/2012/05/the_persistence_of_memory_1931_salvador_dali.jpg

23. Kadinsky: “Composition VIII” http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/kandinsky/kandinsky.f2- comp7.jpg Kadinsky: “Composition VII” http://www.dailyartfixx.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/12/kandinsky_wwi.jpg ABSTRACT

24. Magritte: “Leci n’est pas une pipe.” (This is not a Pipe) http://drapak.hrsbteachers.ednet.ns.c a/sites/drapak.hrsbteachers.ednet.ns. ca/files/images/Magritte_- _The_Treachery_of_Images.jpg Hannah Hoch: “Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada#/media/File:Hoch- Cut_With_the_Kitchen_Knife.jpg DADA ART

25. When you finish… Remembering WWI Write a poem or draw a picture to memorialize WWI. You should try to use a new art or literary technique in your work (example: stream of consciousness, Surrealism, Dada, etc). You should also try to think about the different symbols that epitomized the war and its aftermath (example, the poppy).