1. E.S.Iriani1, F. Fahma2 and T.C. Sunarti2
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PVA NANOCOMPOSITE REINFORCED WITH SORGHUM BAGASSE NANOCELLULOSE
E.S.Iriani1, F. Fahma2 and T.C. Sunarti2
1Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development.
Ministry of Agriculture
2Bogor Agricultural University

2. Background Our dependency on plastic almost 100 million tones/year
Indonesia plastic consumption near $ 2 billion/ year
Plastics :
Light and strong
Flexible
Transparent
Water resistant
Cheap

3. Negative impact of plastic
Non biodegradable
Source : oil  non renewable
Incineration  dioxin  Carcinogenic
Mygration  Hormonal, Reproduction, etc

4. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES FOR BIODEGRADABLE PACKAGING
Renewable
Biodegradable
Safe for environment and health
Easy to process
Agrowaste

5. Low mechanical properties
Biodegradable Polymer Limitation
Expensive
Hidrophylic
Brittle
High permeability
Low mechanical properties
Fiber Reinforcement

6. CELLULOSE  Fiber Reinforcement
Renewable
Abundant
Low density
High modulus
Biodegradable
High compatible
Minimum energy requirement

7. WHY NANO CELLULOSE
High variability in diameter and length of cellulose  improper dispersion  reduce their performance
Reducing size of cellulose to nano  improve dispersion on matrix polymer
Nanocellulose  high surface area, high aspect rasio, good optical properties
Nanocellulose have the ability to create entangled networks  improve mechanical properties
Nanocellulose (nanocrystal)  improve barrier properties and also thermal properties

8. Nano Cellulose Preparation
Mechanical
Homogenization
Microfluidizer
Supermasscoloider
Cryocrushing
Sonication
Chemical
Oxidator Agent (TEMPO)
Acid hydrolysis

9. Polyvinyl Alcohol
Synthetic polymer from crude oil that can dissolve by water
Can perform good coating film layer  high tensile strength and flexibility
High compatibility with nanocellulose (Roohani et al., 2008)
Non toxic, highly crystalline, high hydrophilic properties (Ibrahim et al., 2010)

10. METHODOLOGY

11. Materials and Instruments
Materials : agrowaste (sorghum bagasse), PVA, NaClO2,KOH, H2SO4, HCl, chemical for analysis
Instruments : Supermasscolloider, Ultraturax, Ultrasonicator, TEM, SEM, PSA, DSC, XRD, UTM

12. Soaking 6x in acid condition
37.5 gr NaClO ml CH3COOH
Screening
Soaking 6x in acid condition
t = 1 hour; T = 70oC)
Lignin
Rinse
KOH 6% (w/w)
Sorghum Bagasse Cellulose
Hemi
cellulose
Neutralizing  pH 7
Bleaching (T = 300 C; t = 24 hour)
Cellulose

13. Nanocellulose Production by Supermasscolloider
1% cellulose  10 cycle gap 0;10 cycle gap -5; 10 cycle gap -10

14. 3. BIOCOMPOSITE PVA-NANOCELLULOSE PRODUCTION
Nanofiber ( 1-5%)
Glycerol
(0%, 2%)
PVA Solution (10%)
COMPOSITE SOLUTION + = +
Pencampuran
Biocomposite Film
PVA-Nanocellulose
Drying (T = 40oC; t = 2 hr)
Casting

15. Nanocomposite Characterization
Physical properties
Color by Chromameter
Density
Crystalinity by XRD
Mechanical properties by UTM
Tensile
Elongation
Structure Morphology by TEM and SEM

16. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cellulose Isolation
Table 1. Sweet Sorghum Bagasse Composition
Component
Before Isolation
After isolation
Lignin (%)
20,72
3.09
Hemicellulose (%)
25,91
1.24
Cellulose (%)
41,10
89.57

17. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PVA-NS COMPOSITE
Addition of NS  Increase density
Increasing NS  increase density
Addition of plastisizer  increase density

18. Crystalinity of PVA-NS Composite
Addition of NS  increase crystallinity of composite
Increasing NS  increase crystallinity
Addition of plastisizer  decrease the crystallinity

19. BIOCOMPOSITE PVA-NANOCELLULOSE FILM TRANSPARANCY

20. STRUCTURE MORPHOLOGY OF SORGHUM BAGASSE CELLULOSE
500 X
20 X

21. STRUCTURE MORPHOLOGY OF NANOCELLULOSE
TEM Results of Sorghum Nanocellulose

22. ELONGATION OF PVA-NS COMPOSITES
Increasing NS up to 4% wo plastisizer  Increase elongation of composites
Plastisizer addition  decrease elongation of composites
Antiplastisizer Effect due to low concentration < 10%

23. Tensile Strength of PVA-Nanocellulose
Increasing NS  decrease tensile strength
Addition plastisizer  decrease tensile strength
Elongation decrease due to :
Inadequate wetting of the fibre with the matrix
Poor adhesion between the filler and matrix
Uneven aligning of the nanofiber

24. PVA-Nanocellulose Permeability (WVTR)
Increasing NS up to 4%  decrease WVTR
Plastiisizer addition  increase WVTR
There were some voids due to poor adhesion and poor dispersion

25. Cross Section Morphology by SEM
Increasing NS up to 50% gave porous structure  indicating disperse of NS with PVA forming holes  decrease tensile strength

26. CONCLUSION
Addition of Sodium chlorite with reflux 6 cycle can eliminate other materials such as lignin and hemicellulose to obtain cellulose content near to 90%.
Supermass colloider  Nano fibrillated cellulose (Diameter < 100 nm)
Nanocellulose addition  Improve mechanical properties (elongation) and decrease permeability  Potential for fiber reinforcement
Glycerol addition  Decrease tensile and increase permeability. Most probably due to antiplastization effect : too low concentration of plastisizer

27. Thank you