1. Under The Guidance Of Ms. SWETHA.G.N ( Dept of Mechanical Engg) RAMESH MARATHI 1GV09ME407 BY

2.  Land mines are very dangerous explosives which are used for wars.  Countries like Afghanistan,Iraq & Bosnia etc are the victims of these landmines.  Implanted landmines have to be detected & diffused properly.  Else there will be loss of human life.

3.  Afghanistan  Bosnia  Cambodia  Ethiopia  Vietnam  Iraq  Myanmar

5.  It is an explosive device used to disable, immobilize or kill.  It is activated either by a person or vehicle or by electric wire or radio signal.  Most land mines are laid on just below the surface of ground and are activated by pressure.

7.  Metal detection.  Explosive detection.

8.  Metal is one of the most common component of a landmine.  Metal detectors are capable of signaling the presence of minute metal piece.  Mines can also be casted from different materials like wood, plastic & synthetic.  But from detection point of view metal is a easier component to detect.  Metal free mines are also there, but they pose a challenge to the detectors.

10.  The explosives are one common ingredient that is found in all mines.  Detecting explosives however is a complicated process.  Explosive detection under field conditions is being carried out using snuffer dogs.  A dog’s nose has proven to be a very sophisticated and reliable sensor, however handling these snuffer dog squads and ensuring consistent behaviour in varied hazard scenarios is a complicated and demanding tasks.

12.  The radar bullet is a special type of bullet.  The main use of radar bullet is to find landmines without setting foot on the ground.  This consists of firing a special bullet in to the ground from a helicopter.  The bullet is designed in such a way that it gives out powerful blast of radio waves from under the ground.  This pulse strikes the mine and its image gets available on the computer in the helicopter, offering a safe and efficient way of finding land mines.

14.  Radar is Radio Detection And Ranging.  Radar is sensor.  Radar makes use of radio waves to detect and locate objects.  Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the surroundings and detecting energy reflected by object.  If a narrow beam of this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna, the direction from which reflections come and hence the bearing of object may be estimated.

16. TRANSMITER OBJECT RECIEVER DISPLAY

17.  The transmitter will transmits an electro magnetic signal through the antenna which will hit the target and reflects back.  The distance of the reflecting object is estimated by measuring the time period between the transmission of radar pulse (transmitted signal) and reception of echo (the reflected signal), which will help us to measure the distance of the target from the radar.

18. T =time b/w signal transmission and reception. 2R = Total distance traveled. C = Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*10 8 m/sec. Velocity = distance / time i.e.; C = 2R / T or, R = CT /2 So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from the radar. OBJECT RADAR R

19.  A gun is mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground.  Firstly, a bullet is fired from the helicopter towards the ground which gives out powerful radio waves soon after it hits the ground & goes under it.  These powerful radio waves get reflected from any landmine within a range of 15 meters in radius.  These reflected waves are received by an antenna at the helicopter.  Detection is now completed with the distance of the landmine appearing on the display.

21.  Inside the bullet a metal cylinder placed is surrounded by a tightly wounded coil of wire.  As the bullet leaves the gun a magnetic field generates in the cylinder with the help of battery.  When the bullet smashes into the ground,the sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil.  The sudden movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces a large pulse of current in the coil.  Thus coil acts like an antenna converting the current into high frequency radiation.

23.  The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter ie; gun, computer controls etc.  Extremely small bullets can be used for detection, A 30 mm bullet gives out a 4 KW radar pulse.  Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits more radio wave into the ground.  It assures 100% safety to the human life.

24.  It cannot detect plastic landmines.  Since the equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter, the cost of operation is higher.

25.  It can be used for detecting land mines.  It can be used for detecting buried pipelines, illegal pipelines can be detected out by using radar bullet.  This can be applied is future space travels, when we go to a different planet, in that case we can shoot this bullet in to the ground and detect mineral deposits and other deposits.

26.  Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and removal of mines is very important as it is hazardous to both man and animals alike.  The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine detection involves working in close proximity for the mines. So overall mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe and effective.  With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using radar bullets will be more used in detection of mine there by making the world safer place to live in.