1. Music Chapter 4 Texture Compositional Forms Rhythm Tonality Formal Elements

2. Texture refers to the way composers use melodic lines in their compositions. (page 122) Monophony- a single melody without accompaniment. Polyphony- more than one melody of relatively equal interest. Homophony- a single melody is supports with chords.

3. Monophony Examples Gregorian Chant Medieval Music Manuscripts Traditional Indian Raga Raga- a traditional Hindustani form, made up of a limited number of notes in a particular melody. Traditional Islamic Music from Spain, North Africa Maquam- traditional Islamic form, similar to a raga. Nova Math and Music Esperanza Spalding about 13 minute in Christian and Muslim playing ouds Catinas de Santa Maria 13th century

4. Polyphony Examples What is a Fugue? Basic Polyphony Bach's "Invention" Terms: fugue, round, imitiation Lady Gaga Fugue Bach Harpzichord Abanian Folk Polyphony Medieval motet Machaut Quant en moi Machaut Quant en moi

5. Homophony Examples Most Pop songs in the west are homophonic, with the single melody line supported by other notes forming chords. Homophonic TextureHomophonic Texture Homophony began to replace polyphony in Europe during the 15 th century. PalestrinaPalestrina Renaissance mass Mozart Mozart sonata form, classical diagramming the Sonata Form in Eine Kleine Nactumusik Sweet Honey in the Rock 5 part harmony

6. Compositional Forms (see pages 113-15) “Classical” Forms Mass Fugue Sonata Concerto Symphony Jazz Forms Blues Ragtime New Orleans (early Jazz) Swing Be-bop/hard jazz Free Jazz

7. Concerto: an extended composition for a solo instrument and orchestra. Usually in 3 parts- fast, slow, fast. The concerto form was developed during the 1600’s in Europe. This corresponds to the Baroque period. It was popular among Classical and Romantic composer and is still used in contemporary symphonic music. Vivaldi’s “Winter Concerto,” Baroque Gidon KremerGidon Kremer Beethoven Concerto for Violin, Cello, Piano, Romantic Barenboim, Ma, Perlman

8. Symphony an extended composition written for orchestra, usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements (often 4) with the first movement in sonata form. Symphonies are scored for string (violin, viola, cello and double bass), brass, woodwind, and percussive instruments. Symphony orchestras can be small or large, 30–100 musicians. In the 18 th century they grew to great size.

10. Symphony Romantic composers also developed a more personal style Increased expressive effect Abandoned classical precision and loosened form Unexpected shifts in meter and tempo EroicaEroica BBC Eroica DramatizationBBC Eroica Dramatization Michael Tilson Thomas Beethoven (1770-1827) studied with Hayden in the classical school, moved toward full romantic – he is a bridge between the too. Eroica Documentary with Michael Tilson ThomasEroica Documentary with Michael Tilson Thomas

11. Scott Joplin (1868-1917) Ragtime- developed from Military March ragging the beat or syncopation- notes fall between the beats Influenced by the traditional Cake walk dances Forerunner of Jazz Highly structured Left hand plays steady beat- alternating bass note and chord- stride piano Right hand plays melody in syncopated rhythm Maple Leaf Rag Piano roll Bio

12. Blues Origins in labor chants BioBio Began to be accompanied by Banjo, guitar, piano Many varieties- Memphis, Delta, Chicago All have in common Simplicity of structure Dominant chord structure Blue notes – minor sound 12 bar blues tutorial Jelly Roll Morton The Crave Jelly Roll Blues 1980s commercialLomax recording Oscar Peterson Blues Peterson in Berlin/Salute to Bach Jelly Roll Morton, 1885-1941 First jazz musician to compose – to write down the music

13. More Blues- Bessie Smith Bessie Smith Ain't Nobody's Business Bessie Smith Ain't Nobody's Business Bio

14. Louis Armstrong Considered by many to be the father of jazz Developed improvisatory solo as a feature of the jazz style “Rhythmic displacement” Armstrong would stagger the placement of an entire phrase, as though he were playing behind the beat. More relaxed than Ragtime Louis Armstrong West End Blues New Orleans Jazz Louis Armstrong 1907-1971

15. caravan ellington Big Band/Swing Duke Ellington 1899-1974 Most prolific and significant composer in Jazz history Took jazz into the format of extended works Utilized the particular sounds of individual players Composed across sections 1930 mood indigo Selena and the Blake Jazz EnsembleSelena and the Blake Jazz Ensemble Caravan 1936Caravan 1936

16. Hard Bop MingusMingus Parker and Davis Night in TunisiaParker and Davis Night in Tunisia

18. Detroit Techno Detroit Techno Detroit Photographs More Detroit Photographs- 1967 Marbles Plastikman Juan Atkins Carl Craig