1. Eliseo Lugo III

3. Commercial/Business Interests  1. Commercial/Business Interests Military/Strategic Interests  2. Military/Strategic Interests Social Darwinist Thinking  3. Social Darwinist Thinking Religious/Missionary Interests  4. Religious/Missionary Interests Closing the American Frontier  5. Closing the American Frontier

4. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

5. American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914 1. Commercial/Business Interests

7. 2. Military/Strategic Interests

8. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking The White Man’s Burden The Hierarchy of Race

9. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

10. 5. Closing the American Frontier

12.  In 1867, Alaska was a Russian colony.  U.S. Secretary of State William Seward was presented with an opportunity to purchase Alaska from Russia.  As an expansionist, Seward was in favor of purchasing Alaska from Russia.  The United States would purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million dollars which was roughly 2 cents an acre.

13. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

14. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

15.  While initially considered a horrible purchase and ridiculed for it by critics, Seward’s Folly would turn into a great purchase for the nation once large amounts of gold were discovered that would lead to Alaskan Gold Rushes in 1897-1898.

17.  Expansionists had their eyes on the islands of Hawaii  Hawaii’s location at the center of the Pacific Ocean made it an ideal “military and commercial outpost in the Pacific”  English explorer James Cook was the first European to land in Hawaii  American missionaries would arrive in Hawaii in 1820,  Their goal was to convert Hawaiians to Christianity.  A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to do ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care and economic development.religious groupeducationliteracy social justicehealth careeconomic development

18.  In 1893, American planters organized an uprising against the queen.  50 U.S. Marines helped overthrow the Queen and establish a pro- American government, all without the authority or consultation of the U.S. government.  The Marines were persuaded by United States Government Minister John L. Stevens John L. Stevens  On July 07, 1898, the U.S. Congress voted to annex the islands of Hawaii, making it a territory.  On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50 th state. John L. Stevens

19. U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

20. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

21. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. 1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

22. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

24.  In the late 1800’s, China was being taken advantage of by European powers and Japan  Japan had forced the Chinese to grant them land and trading rights,  They decided to divide China up into spheres of influence  Sphere of Influence are areas where another nation has economic and political control.

25.  The United States was not initially a part of the spheres of Influence established by Japan.  As other nation’s began dividing China up for themselves, the United States was afraid that they would be excluded from trading with China.  This would lead to a declaration in 1899 by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay.  Secretary of State Hay called on these nations staking claims to China to keep an “Open Door” in China.

26.  What Secretary of State Hay meant by this “Open Door Policy” was that he wanted the nations who were part of these spheres of influence to guarantee the rights of all nations to trade with China equally.

27. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

28. The Open Door Policy

29.  Many Chinese were upset with the foreign influences in their nation  They responded by organizing a secret society to fight foreigners.  The secret society was called the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists”  Europeans called the group “Boxers”

30.  In 1900, the Boxers rebelled against foreign powers.  They attacked and killed westerners and Chinese Christians.  The burned churches and the homes of foreigners  Outside powers, including the United States would send in 18,000 troops, crush the rebellion and kill thousands of Chinese  Secretary of State Hay would issue a second Open Door Policy notice after the Boxer Rebellion stating that China should remain one country and not be divided up.

31. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “55 Days at Peking.”

32. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

33.  At 9:40pm on February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor  268 men were killed, shocking the American population  What or who caused this explosion? 33

34. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

35. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

36.  April,11, 1898, - Washington D.C.  President McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain  Although Spain agrees to all American demands, McKinley tells Congress that God has told him to attack the Spanish forces.

37.  February, 25, 1898, - Washington D.C.  Assistant Secretary Theodore Roosevelt ordered Admiral Dewey to prepare for the Asian war  Roosevelt told Dewey to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if a war brakes out between U.S. and Spain.

38.  May,1, 1898, - Manila Bay  Dewey sunk Spanish fleet.  In only seven hours, the entire Spanish Asian fleet was sunk. U.S. suffers only one death.

39.  June, 1898, - Santiago, Cuba  Roosevelt's Rough Riders take San Juan Hill  Roosevelt achieves heroic stature for leading men (sans horses) up hill overlooking Santiago Harbor.

40. The “Rough Riders”

41. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up the islands of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and Wake. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

42. The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

43. Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt

45. Puerto Rico: 1898 Foraker Act. 1900 - Foraker Act.  PR became an “unincorporated territory.”  Citizens of PR, not of the US.  Import duties on PR goods 1901-1903  the Insular Cases.  Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.  Congress had the power to decide these rights.  Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

46. Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act.  Gave full territorial status to PR.  Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.  PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.  PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections.  A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

47. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power.

49. Constable of the World

50. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

51. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

52. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s