1. INTRODUCTION  Renewable Energy or Non-Renewable Energy? OR

2. Why Renewable Energy?

3. Why only Solar?  Sun…the never ending source of energy.  Primary source – Fossil Fuels Limited.  Clean Energy.  Easily Scalable.  Modular character technology.

4. Why only Solar? The Solar energy radiate by the sun is 3.8 x 10 26 joules /sec (NASA). India is one of the sun’s most favored nations, blessed with about 5,000 Terawh of solar Energy radiation very year with most parts receiving 4 – 7 Kwh / Sq. Meter / Per day. Daily average solar energy incident over India varies 4 to 7 Kwh/m2 / Day With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India have abundant solar potential.

5. Photovoltaic Cell  Solar Cell  Working  Material  Type

6. Fundamental of solar cell. The μp is the heart of the processing within a computer.. Similarly a solar cell is the key component in chain of the photovoltaic solar system. Photovoltaic = photo + voltaic. Photo associated with light and voltaic means voltage or voltage that developed within the solar cell.

7. n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Physics of Photovoltaic Generation Depletion Zone

8. Light And Photo Electric Effect Photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after absorption of energy from visible light. Electrons gain energy from incoming photons and are emitted when this absorbed energy exceeds the work function of the material. Electric field associated with a semiconductor P-- ‐ N junction can form an electric current and deliver power to an external load. Thus a specially built semiconductor junction can function as a SOLAR CELL converting natural sunlight into electricity.

9. Photovoltaic Cell Mate rial Thin wafers of silicon  Similar to computer chips  Much bigger  Much cheaper Silicon is abundant (sand)  Non-toxic  Safe

10. PV Technology Classification Silicon Crystalline Technology Mono crystalline PV cell Multi/Poly crystalline PV cell. Thin Film Technology Amorphous Silicon PV cells. Poly Crystalline PV Cells

11. PV Technology Classification Silicon Crystalline Technology  Currently makes up 86% of PV market  Very stable with module efficiencies 10-16%

12. Silicon Crystalline Technology Mono crystalline PV cell  Made using saw-cut from single cylindrical crystal of Si  Most efficient commercially available module (11% - 18%)  Most expensive to produce Circular (square-round) cell creates wasted space on module

13. Silicon Crystalline Technology Multi/Poly crystalline PV cell.  Caste from ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon.  Cells slightly less efficient than a mono crystalline (10% - 16%).  Less expensive to make than mono-crystalline modules.  Square shape cells fit into module efficiently using the entire space.  Accounts for 90% of crystalline Si market.

14. Thin Film Technology  Silicon deposited in a continuous on a base material such as glass, metal or polymers  Thin-film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10μm thick compared with 200-300μm layers for crystalline silicon cells  PROS Low cost substrate and fabrication process  CONS Not very stable

15. Thin Film Technology AMORPHOUS SILICON PV CELLS.  Most inexpensive technology to produce  Metal grid replaced with transparent oxides  Can be deposited on flexible substrates, less susceptible to shading problems  Better performance in low light conditions that with crystalline modules.  Operating efficiency ~ 6-8% PROS  Mature manufacturing technologies available CONS  Initial 20-40% loss in efficiency

16. Poly Crystalline PV Cells Non – silicon based technology CADMIUM TELLURIDE ( CDTE)  Unlike most other II/IV material cdte exhibits direct band gap of 1.4ev and high absorption coefficient  PROS 16% laboratory efficiency 6-9% module efficiency  CONS Immature manufacturing process

17. PV Module Technology PV module mainly available in Mono-crystalline Silicon, Poly-Crystalline Silicon and Thin film.. PV module Power (Wp) ranges from ~ (1 – 310) Wp Characteristics:-  Voc ~ Open Circuit Voltage  Isc ~ Short Circuit Current  Vm ~ Voltage at maximum power  Im ~ Current at maximum power  Pm ~ Maximum power Note ~ While you purchase PV Module must check :-  Measured at Standard Test Conditions(STC): 1KW/m 2 /day, 25˚C & AM1.5

18. Current-Voltage & Power-Voltage Characteristics

19. PV Module Current-Voltage(I-V) Curve

20. PV Module Technology Effects of Temperature :- As the PV cell temperature increases above 25º C, the module Vmp decreases by approximately 0.5% /° C.

21. Specification & Performance Of Typical Module. Module size119.1 cm x 53.3 cm Module weight7.5 kg Cell size12.5cm x 12.5 cm Number of cell36 Nominal output80 W Nominal voltage12V Maximum voltage17V Open circuit voltage21.2V Short circuit curent4.9A Conversion efficiancy12.5% Global solar radiation1000w/cm² Air massAm 1.5 spectrum Cell temperature25°c

22. Solar Energy Ecosystem

23. Solar PV Application Distributed off grid product.  Solar Lanterns ~

24. Solar PV Application Solar Street Lights

25. Solar PV Appl ication Solar Water Pumping System.

26. Solar PV Application Solar Fencing around The farm or Irrigation land To protect against animals. Solar fencing For marking the boundary

27. Solar PV Application Solar Plant On Stadiums.

28. Solar PV Application Solar On Petrol Pump

29. Solar PV Application Solar On Parking Area

30. Solar PV Application World First Solar Air Flight

31. Solar PV Application JAPAN CRUISE SHIP

32. Solar PV Application Delhi Metro Station Dwarka.

33. Thank You…