1. Therapies AP Psychology Gloucester High School Mr. Perreault

2. Therapy Any treatment process in psychology or psychiatry employing a variety of techniques to help in dealing with mental disorders or cope with problems of living ***NOT EVERYONE IN THERAPY IS “CRAZY”*** Regardless of technique, counsellors attempt to build supportive trusting relationships in order to affect a change of function for their client

3. Types of Therapies Insight Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Behavioral Cognitive Behavioral Biomedical Psychopharmacology Psychosurgery Brain Stimulation

4. Insight Therapies Change people on “the inside”, attempting to change the way the feel and think. Assumption: Distressed persons need to develop an understanding of the distorted thoughts, emotions and motives that underline their mental difficulties Types:,

5. Freudian Psychoanalysis Psychological problems arise from tension in the unconscious mind by forbidden impulses and threatening memories Probes the unconscious to reveal and interpret the contents of and motivations for behaviors Analysis of Transference: Final stage where patient learns how their relationship with therapist mirrors the unresolved issues they have with their parents

6. Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Took parts of Freud but not all Examines influence of past on present behaviors Focuses on incorporating key developmental learning missed when client was at an earlier stage of development Generally speaking long-term though can be a more rapid focused process

7. Humanistic Therapies People can struggle with everyday existence, Many problems revolve around one’s purpose in life People are motivated by healthy needs for growth and psychological well being. Problems occur when conditions interfere with normal development and produce low self esteem Therapies try to help clients confront their problems by recognizing their own freedom, enhancing self-esteem and realizing their full potential

8. Client Centered Therapy Assumes people have a need to realize their fullest potential, but development can be hindered by a conflict between one’s desire for a positive self image and criticism by self and others “Reflection of feeling” or reflective listening: therapist paraphrases the client’s words, making sure to capture the emotional tone, so the client can see and hear themselves Accomplish treatment through Genuiness, Acceptance, Empathy and Unconditional Positive Regard

9. Cognitive Therapies See rational thinking as the key to therapeutic change. The assumption is that psychological problems arise from erroneous thinking. Help individuals confront the destructive thoughts that support their issues

10. Behavioral Therapies Assumption: undesirable behaviors have been learned and, therefore can be unlearned Focus on behavior not inner thoughts, motives or emotions Identify how the behavior was learned and attempt to eliminate them Systematic Desensitization: subject is gradually introduced to anxiety producing stimuli Immersion Desensitization: (Flooding) subject is immersed in anxiety producing stimuli

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12. Aversion Therapy at Work Usually used as a last resort as it is less successful than other therapies

13. Operant Conditioning Therapies Uses Rewards and Punishments Contingency Management: changing behavior by changing the consequences associated with a behavior Token Economy: distribution of non-valuable tokens (paper clips), for desirable behaviors which can be turned in for valued goods

14. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Combines cognitive emphasis on thoughts and attitudes with behavioral strategy Assumption: Irrational self statements often underlie maladaptive behaviors Therapist and client work together to modify irrational self-talk, set attainable goals and develop realistic strategies for attaining them Changes approach to problems & gradually develop new skills and sense of self-efficacy

15. Biomedical Approach Treat disorders by: Changing the brain’s chemistry with drugs Its circuitry with surgery Pattern of activity with pulses of electricity or magnetic fields Psychopharmacology: aka Drug Therapy

16. Antipsychotics Used to treat symptoms of psychosis: delusions, hallucinations, social withdrawal, and agitation (Schizophrenia) Work by reducing the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Proven effective though why it works is not fully understood Reduces positive symptoms but long-term use can cause disturbance control of facial muscles

17. Antidepressants 3 major types, all work by amplifying neural pathways using norepinephrine and serotonin Takes a few weeks for effect Sometimes time is not a luxury though Danger is that often, patients feel better then don’t continue therapy, then feel like they can handle things without meds then fall back into problems again

18. Antianxiety Two basic categories: Barbiturates: acts as a central nervous system depressant, relaxing effect Benzodiazepines: increasing activity of neurotransmitters with a sedative/relaxing effect

19. Stimulants Broad category from caffeine to amphetamines producing excitement or hyperactivity Limits the availability of neurotransmitters Prescribed for anything from narcolepsy to ADD

20. Issues with Drug Therapy Cannot cure mental illnesses only alters neurochemistry Alters or suppresses symptoms Can have long-term side effects Can be habit forming Temptation to be overprescribed Effective tool as part of a comprehensive treatment plan

21. Psychosurgery General term for any surgical intervention Used as a last resort when other methods have failed Lobotomies: much more common in the past

22. Brain-Stimulation Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): treatment primarily for depression involves the application of an electrical current to head producing a generalized seizure Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): FDA approved 2008, involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain stimulating nerve cells does not produce seizures Also for severe depression