1. AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
UNIT 1
CHASSIS & BODY

2. UNIT 1-TOPICS
Classification of vehicle, layout with reference to power plant, steering location and drive, chassis, construction and details (frames, sub-frames, defects in frame, frameless vehicles, vehicle dimensions), details of chassis & body materials, Integrated body construction, BIW type and corresponding design parameters, Vehicle interior system (dash board & seating system), Console design, Pillar trims (Type A, B, C), head roofs.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
There are three main general classifications of the various types of vehicles. They are:
Single unit vehicles or load carriers.
Articulated vehicles
Heavy tractor vehicles.
AUTOMOBILES
PASSENGER VEHICLES
LIGHT VEHICLES
HEAVY VEHICLES
GOODS VEHICLES

4. PASSENGER VEHICLES PASSENGER VEHICLES LIGHT VEHICLES THREE WHEELER
SCOOTERS
MOTOR CYCLES
JEEP
STATION WAGONS
PICK UPS
CARS
HEAVY VEHICLES
PASSENGER VEHICLES

5. PASSENGER VEHICLES PASSENGER VEHICLES LIGHT VEHICLES HEAVY VEHICLES
BUSES
SINGLE DECK
MINI BUSES
BIG BUSES
DOUBLE DECK
COACHES
DELUXE
AIR CONDITIONED

6. GOODS VEHICLES
GOODS VEHICLES
LIGHT VEHICLES
DELIVERY VAN
LIGHT TRUCK
TEMPO
THREE WHEELERS
FOUR WHEELERS
HEAVY VEHICLES

7. GOODS VEHICLES HEAVY VEHICLES LIGHT VEHICLES TRACTOR TRAILER TRUCK

8. Single unit vehicles or load carriers:
Vehicles are conventional 4 wheel type with two axle design in which the front axle is a steering non – driving axle and rear axle is the driving axle.
Articulated Vehicles:
3 wheeler vehicle with single steering wheel in front and a conventional rear – driving axle.
It can turned about its own tail due to the three wheel construction and has a greater handling ability in unusual places.
The coupling mechanism between semi – trailer and tractor in most of these vehicles is designed for automatic connection and coupling up.
A lever is provided within the drivers approach for coupling operation.
A pair of retractable wheels in front can be raised or lowered automatically along with the coupling and uncoupling operation.
Heavy tractor vehicles:
To move heavy loads tractor or independent tractor vehicles are used.
They commonly operate in pair either in tendon or as puller or pusher.
Figures like 4x2, 4x4, 6x4 etc are commonly used in the classification of vehicles, where the first figure represents the total number of wheels and the second figure the number of driving wheels.

9. CLASSIFICATION BY BODY STYLES
Broad classification of cars present in the Indian market:
HATCHBACK
SEDAN/NOTCHBACK
ESTATE/STATION WAGON
SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLE
PICK-UP TRUCK
MULTI-PURPOSE VEHICLE
MULTI-UTILITY VEHICLE
VAN

10. MOTOR CAR
Carries passengers in the sitting position and also accommodates their luggage.
Light motor vehicles designed to carry passengers and sometimes goods, are broadly classified as follows:
Saloon/Sedan car . E.g:Indigo Manza, Swift Dzire, Logan
Saloon cars have an enclosed compartment to accommodate a row of front and row of rear seats without any partition between the driver and rear passenger seats.
A separate luggage space is made either at the front or the rear based on the location of the engine.
One or two doors are provided on each side of the car but if the car is a hatchback a door replaces the luggage space. E.g. Nano, Indica, Jazz, Punto

11. Coupe
The coupe is the outcome of changes in saloon car design and has two doors, two front seats and a hard roof.
When two additional small seats are provided at the rear, the layout is known as 2+2.
Convertible
Normally cars of this type have two doors and two seats but sometimes two extra seats are also provided.
Generally these have a soft folding roof and wind-up windows to make the compartment either open or closed.
Estate car/station wagon
In this type the passenger roof of saloon is completely extended to the back end so that rear space is increased.
For access a rear door is provided and sometimes the rear seats are designed to collapse to provide additional space for carrying goods.
E.g. Indigo Marina, Octavia.

12. Pick – up
This type of vehicle is generally classified as a two – door front – seating van with an open back to carry mixed collection of goods. E.g. Xenon, Scorpio Getaway
VANS
These are light goods vehicles used for long distances or door – door delivery.
They have seats in the front for the driver and for only one or two passengers.
The engine is usually located over or just in front of the front axle. E.g. Winger, Ace Magic, Omni.

13. COACHES
Coaches carry passengers travelling on long distance and hence the interior is designed to provide the best possible comfort and to minimize fatigue.
For better visibility for passengers large panelled windows are provided on either side extending the full length of the vehicle and across the back seats.
Most coaches have two axle arrangement but sometimes an extra axle is used at the rear for more comfort.
Engines may be mounted longitudinally in the front (position 1) or in the mid – position horizontally (position 2) or at the rear transversely (position 3).
The location of the engine and transmission depends much on the length of the coach, the number of passenger seats, the luggage space and high or low floorboard and seat mounting requirements.

14. LORRIES/TRUCKS
Commercial vehicles used for the transportation of heavy goods are generally referred to as lorries.
Vehicles are grouped into two categories
Rigid truck
Articulated vehicles
Rigid trucks are further classified based on the number of wheel hubs and the number of drive axle hubs
A four wheeler (4 x 2) truck with two driving wheels
A six wheeler (6 x 2) truck with two driving wheels
A six wheeler (6 x 4) truck with four driving wheels
An eight wheeler (8 x 4) truck with four driving wheels.

15. ARTICULATED TRACTOR & SEMI TRAILER
Articulated vehicles use a tractor unit for providing the propulsive power and a semi-trailer for carrying the payload.
The tractor uses a short rigid chassis and two or three axles.
The front axle carries the steered road wheels and the rear axle is the driving (live) one.
The middle axle may either function as an additional drive axle or for dual steering.
Fifth wheel coupling : Fifth wheel coupling is the swivel mechanism used to attach the trailer to the tractor unit
Articulated vehicle further classified as:
4 wheeler and 2 wheel trailer (rigid 4 x 2 tractor and single axle 2 articulated trailer)
6 wheeler tandem drive axle tractor and 4 wheel trailer ( rigid 6 x 4 tractor and tandem axle 4 articulated trailer)
6 wheeler dual steer axle tractor and six wheel trailer ( rigid 6 x 2 tractor and tri – axle 6 articulated trailer)

16. Side view and underside view of a conventional 18-wheeler semi-trailer truck with an enclosed cargo space. The underside view shows the arrangement of the 18 tires (wheels).
Shown in blue in the underside view are the axles, drive shaft, and differentials.
The legend for labelled parts of the truck is as follows: 1. tractor unit 2. semi-trailer (detachable) 3. engine compartment 4. cabin 5. sleeper (not present in all trucks) 6. air dam 7. fuel tanks 8. fifth wheel coupling 9. enclosed cargo space 10. landing gear - legs for when semi-trailer is detached 11. tandem axles

17. Typical Engine Configurations – 4 types
Front engine, front wheel drive can help with the drive-ability of the vehicle. The engine weight over the driven wheels gives greater traction. This can be particularly useful in adverse weather conditions.
Front engine, front wheel drive
Front engine, rear wheel drive configuration has the advantage of better weight distribution. However, some traction can be lost because the bulk of the weight is not over the driving wheels.
Front engine, rear wheel drive

18. Typical Engine Configurations….
Rear engine, rear wheel drive provides a larger load to the rear driving wheels. However, it can become ‘tail heavy’ which affects handling of the vehicle. It also reduces luggage space (which is now in the front), as the passenger seats need to be moved forward in order to accommodate the engine.
Rear engine, rear wheel drive
Mid-engine, rear wheel drive engines provide good vehicle handling and good traction at the rear wheels. They are normally found on two-seat sports cars where these factors are important.
Mid-engine, rear wheel drive

19. FOUR WHEEL DRIVE
This arrangement is safer because of distribution of the drive  to all four wheels.
The sharing of the load between the four wheels during acceleration reduces  the risks of wheel spin specifically on slippery surfaces like snow and mud.
In addition the positive drive to each wheel during braking minimizes the possibility of wheel lock- up.
On an icy road or across off-highway a two-wheel-drive vehicle soon becomes non-drivable due to the loss of grip of one of the driving wheels which causes the wheel to spin.

20. Vehicle System Location - Fuel Systems
Fuel tank
Fuel pump
Fuel injectors
Fuel filler cap and neck
Fuel filter

21. Vehicle System Location - Suspension System
The front strut assemblies typically comprise a spring and a shock absorber. These devices control the suspension stiffness.
Rear coil springs
Rear shock absorbers
Front strut assembly
The lower arms allow lateral movement of the suspension system and connect the front hub to the vehicle body. .
The rear suspension assemblies also contain springs and shock absorbers. The system shown has a solid rear axle and is known as ‘non-independent rear suspension’. Independent rear suspension systems are available that do not use a solid rear axle
Rear hub
Front hubs
Lower arms

22. Vehicle System Location - Steering System
The steering wheel allows the driver to control the direction of the vehicle
Steering column
Steering rack
Front hub
The steering column transmits the action of the steering wheel to the steering rack
The steering rack changes a turning movement into the side-to-side movement required to turn the wheels
Steering
wheel
The track rod (ball joint) allows vertical and horizontal movement of the steering system
Track rod end
The front hub connects the steering rack to the wheel

23. Vehicle System Location - Braking System
The disc and drum brake assemblies help to bring the vehicle to a stop. Disc brakes can be found on either the front or rear of a vehicle, and drum brakes are normally found on the rear of a vehicle
Handbrake
Disc brakes typically comprise: a disc, calliper, and brake pads
Drum brake assembly
Disc brake assembly
Drum brakes typically comprise: a brake drum, wheel cylinder and brake shoes
The handbrake provides a mechanical linkage to the brakes and can be used to stop the vehicle if the hydraulic system fails. It can also be used to hold the vehicle stationary when it is parked

24. Vehicle System Location - Braking System
The master cylinder has a hydraulic piston that provides power to the brakes by pressurizing the brake fluid when the brake pedal is depressed by the driver
ABS modulator
The brake servo provides an increase in power exerted to the master cylinder, so helping to reduce effort given by the driver at the brake pedal
Master cylinder and reservoir
The ABS modulator consists of a pump and a number of solenoid valves that control brake pressure to each wheel when the ABS is activated

25. Vehicle System Location – Single Exhaust System
The exhaust manifold connects the exhaust ports of the engine to the exhaust pipe
Tailpipe
Catalytic converter
The catalytic converter removes harmful gases from the exhaust fumes, so they are not released into the atmosphere
The silencer reduces the noise from the exhaust by dampening pressure pulsations
Exhaust manifold
Silencers
The tailpipe is where the remaining exhaust gas is released outside the vehicle body from the silencer

26. Main parts of the Automobile
The body
The main function of the body is to provide comfort and protection t the passengers besides giving a good look.
The body includes the passenger compartment, the truck, the bumpers, the fenders, the radiator grill, the hood, interior trim, glass and paint.

27. Vehicle Body Components
Roof
Rear quarter
The roof, front wings and rear quarters can be used to help strengthen the vehicle body. Other parts can also help to strengthen the vehicle body e.g. glass, doors, sub-frames, chassis and floor-pan
Rear bumper
Front bumper
Front wing

28. Parts of the Vehicle Body
Boot lid/ Tailgate
Bonnet
Doors

29. Car body terminology B-PILLAR ROOF A-PILLAR C-PILLAR WINDSHIELD BOOT
BONNET
GRILLE
BUMPER
FENDER
DOOR
GLASS
DOOR HANDLES

30. The chassis
The chassis forms the complete operating unit and is capable of running with its own power.
It is an assembly of vehicle without body.
The chassis includes the frame, wheels, axles, springs, shock absorbers, engine, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft and universal joints, differential and half shafts, steering, brakes and accelerator, fuel tank, storage battery, radiator and silencer.

31. VEHICLE ASSEMBLIES

32. CHASSIS & BODY CONSTRUCTION
Two methods of body and chassis construction, the separate body and chassis construction and the integral construction.
In separate body and chassis construction, the body is fixed to chassis frame by means of a number of body bolts, passing through the base of the body and the frame.
In the integral construction, the body and the chassis frame are combined as one eliminating the mountings.
The integral construction is also called as chassis – less or unibody construction.
Unlike commercial vehicles, which have a separate cab attached to a chassis, car bodies are now mostly integral construction which is frameless mono box construction.

33. BODY ON FRAME What it is? What it does?
The Body is made as a separate unit and then joined with ladder frame.
What it is?
It supports all the systems in a car such as the Engine, Transmission system, Steering system, Suspension system, etc. E.g. Tata Safari, Sumo Grande
What it does?

34. MONOCOQUE What it is? What it does?
The ladder frame is absent, the body itself is the frame
What it is?
It supports all the systems in a car such as the Engine, Transmission system, Steering system, Suspension system, etc. e.g. Indica Vista, Indigo Manza
What it does?

35. DIFFERENCE The benefit is higher load capacity and strength
Disadvantage is the body tends to vibrate easily and the overall vehicle handling and refinement is lower
Used mostly for SUV’s and bigger vehicles
Advantage is less rattles and squeaks are developed. Handling is also better due to the higher body rigidity
Only major drawback is the load carrying capacity is lower
Used mostly in cars

36. FRAME
There are two distinct forms of construction in common use:
The conventional pressed steel frame to which all the mechanical units are attached and on which the body is superimposed.
The integral or frameless construction, in which the body structure is so designed as to combine the functions of body and frame, the units normally attached to the frame then being attached directly to the body.
The frameless construction is however possible only in the case of a closed car, since the roof, screen pillars, door pillars and rear panel are essential load – taking parts of the structure.
The frameless construction has the following advantages over the conventional framed construction:
Reduced weight and consequent saving in fuel consumption.
During collision the body crumbles, thereby absorbing the shock due to impact and thus providing safety to the passengers.
Lower manufacturing cost.
Compared to framed construction lower body position may be obtained, thus resulting in increased stability of the automobile.

37. Disadvantage of frameless construction
Reduction of strength and durability.
Economical only if frameless construction is adopted in mass production.
Increased cost of repairs in case of damage to body during accidents.
Topless cars are difficult to design with the frameless construction.
Frame construction
A simplified diagram representing the frame shows the longitudinal members A and the members B.
The frame is upswept at the rear and front to accommodate the movement of axles due to springing. It also keeps the chassis height low.
The frame is narrowed down at the front to have a better steering lock, which gives a smaller turning circle.
The extension of the chassis frame ahead of the front axle is called front overhang whereas its extension beyond the rear axle is called rear overhang.

38. SUB FRAMES
Components are mounted on a separate frame called sub-frame.
The sub-frame is further supported by the main frame at three points.
In this way the components are isolated from the effects of twisting and flexing of the main frame.
Advantages of sub-frames are:
The mass of the sub-frame alone helps to damp vibrations.
The provisions of sub-frame simplifies production on the assembly line and facilitates subsequent overhaul or repair.

39. This may be checked by means of plumb line.
DEFECTS IN FRAMES
The only prominent defect that usually occurs in the frames due to accidents is the alignment fault.
This may be checked by means of plumb line.
The vehicle is placed on a level surface and by suspending plumb line from different points on each side of the frame, their position on the ground is marked
The vehicle is taken away and the diagonals are measured between corresponding points.
These should not differ by more than 7 or 8 mm.
If any of the corresponding diagonals do differ by more than this amount, the frame is out of alignment.
The possible cause then may be one of the following:
The dumb irons or side members may be bent.
Cross members may be buckled.
Some rivets may be loose or broken.
If the damage to the frame members is small, they can be repaired by means of a hydraulic jack and wringing irons.
If the damage is more, the bent frame member may be heated to straighten it.
Alternative may be to cut the damaged part and weld a new one instead.
A line from which a weight is suspended to determine verticality or depth- plumbline.

40. FRAMELESS CONSTRUCTION
In this type of construction heavy side members used in conventional construction are eliminated and the floor is strengthened by cross – members and the body, all welded together.

41. VEHICLE DIMENSIONS
Wheel track – This is transverse distance between the tyre to ground centers on the near – side an the off – side.
Wheel base – This is the longitudinal distance between the centre lines of the front and the rear axles.
Chassis-member cross sections.
Square solid bar.
Round solid bar.
Circular tube with longitudinal slit.
Circular closed tube.
C-section.
Rectangular box section.
Top-hat-section.
I-section.
Channel flitch plate.

42. INTEGRAL CONSTRUCTION
Around 1934, the all-steel body construction was introduced so that a separate frame could be eliminated.
This frameless or integral construction provides a stiff, light construction, which is specifically suitable for mass-produced vehicles.
Since 1945 light cars have used integral construction. When suitably designed the body shell is capable of withstanding the various frame stresses.
The floor and roof panels resist the sagging effect caused by the weight of the occupants.
Since these two members are widely spaced, thin sheet metal is used to form a strong and lightweight box like structure.
To increase torsional stiffness of the body the scuttle at the front is strengthened and behind the rear seat squab cross ties are used or a ribbed metal panel is fitted.
The thickness of the sheet metal depends on the stress to be taken by the panel. Structural members such as sills, rails and pillars are often about 1.1 mm thick, whereas panels such as the roof are 0.9 mm thick.
Component attachment points are reinforced with thicker section. Some cases use a separate sub-frame to mount engine and other members. Sometimes this sub-frame is connected to the body by rubber insulation mountings.
Sagging – under weight or pressure
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object — the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force. The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is
The stiffness, k, of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation. For an elastic body with a single degree of freedom (for example, stretching or compression of a rod), the stiffness is defined as
where, k=f/δ
F is the force applied on the body δ is the displacement produced by the force along the same degree of freedom (for instance, the change in length of a stretched spring) In the International System of Units, stiffness is typically measured in newtons per metre. In English Units, stiffness is typically measured in pounds(lbs) per inch.
re·in·force:To give more force or effectiveness to; strengthen: The news reinforced her hopes.
2. To strengthen (a military force) with additional personnel or equipment.
3. To strengthen by adding extra support or material.
4. To increase the number or amount of; augment.

43. INTEGRAL CONSTRUCTION
A very low (0.1 percent) carbon steel is used to provide extremely good ductility required for the pressing of the panels.
The low strength, 278 MN/m2, of this steel requires stiffening of the structural members, which is achieved by spot welding into position of intricate sections, formed out of thin steel sheet.
MN/m^2 - meganewton/metre ^2
Spot welding (RSW)[1] is a process in which contacting metal surfaces are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current. Work-pieces are held together under pressure exerted by electrodes. Typically the sheets are in the 0.5 to 3 mm (0.020 to 0.12 in) thickness range. The process uses two shaped copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a small "spot" and to simultaneously clamp the sheets together. Forcing a large current through the spot will melt the metal and form the weld. The attractive feature of spot welding is that a lot of energy can be delivered to the spot in a very short time (approximately ten milliseconds).[2] That permits the welding to occur without excessive heating of the remainder of the sheet.

44. A modified construction is necessary in case the roof cannot be fully utilized as a compression member.
This situation occurs on drop-head coupe models and where a sunshine roof, or very thin door pillars are used.
To achieve the required strength in these cases a strong under-body frame is used. In addition, the body-shell parts, which are subjected to torsion, are provided with extra stiffness.
A body-shell is normally fabricated either by spot-welding the panels, pillars and pressings together to form a strong box, or by buildings a skeleton or space frame which provides a high structural strength.
To this frame is attached the shell, aluminium or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) body panels, doors, roof, etc.
Steel is the most common material used for manufacturing of vehicle in high volume, because production costs become lower once the initial investment on body jigs and other facilities has been recovered.
The vibration of the panels, which produces an unwanted noise called drumming, is avoided by fixing a sound-damping material on the inside of the panels.
The driver and passengers are enclosed in a rigid cell for their safety.

45.  The front and rear of this rigid compartment are fixed with sub-frames, which are designed to concertina on impact .
The crumple zones of the body absorb the shock of a collision so that the rate of deceleration experienced by the occupants is reduced.

46. BODY IN WHITE
Body in white or BIW refers to the stage in automotive design or automobile manufacturing in which a car body's sheet metal components have been welded together — but before moving parts (doors, hoods, and deck lids as well as fenders) the motor, chassis sub-assemblies, or trim (glass, seats, upholstery, electronics, etc.) have been added and before painting.

47. BODY IN WHITE ASSEMBLY

48. Body components Windows and door pillars (3,5,6 and 8).
Windscreen and rear window rails(2).
Cantrails(4).
Roof structure.

49. Window and door pillars (Fig
Window and door pillars (Fig.(3, 5, 6, and 8)) Window screen and door pillars are identified by a letter coding; the front windscreen to door pillars are referred to as A post, the centre side door pillars as BC post and the rear door to quarter panel as D post. These are illustrated in Fig

50. These pillars form the part of the body structure which supports the roof.
The short form A pillar and rear D pillar enclose the windscreen and quarter windows and provide the glazing side channels, whilst the centre BC pillar extends the full height of the passenger compartment from roof to floor and supports the rear side door hinges.
The front and rear pillars act as struts (compressive members) which transfer a proportion of the bending effect, due to underbody sag of the wheelbase, to each end of the cantrails which thereby become reactive struts, opposing horizontal bending of the passenger compartment at floor level.
The central BC pillar however acts as ties (tensile members), transferring some degree of support from the mid-span of the cantrails to the floor structure.

52. Materials required to make body parts
The main requirements of the steel sheet used for making car bodies are as follows:
Low tensile strength and high ductility for ease of forming.
Easily assembled to form a body unit.
Light in weight.
Cheap as possible.

53. Materials required to make body parts
Low-carbon steel has these properties and is produced in the large quantities for this purpose.
A typical composition is:
Carbon %
Silicon %
Sulphur %
Phosphorous %
Manganese %

54. Materials required to make body parts
The liquid steel is cast into large ingots for sub-sequent hot-rolling to sheet.
Typical sheet thick-nesses in general use are:
10g 3.25mm and 12 g 2.65mm - used for brackets and supports and heavy internal construction.
14g 2.03mm, 16g 1.63mm and 18g 1.22mm - used in the panel assemblies which take the stress and load,(floor, bulkhead, sills, sub-frames, cross-member and inner stress panels).
20g 0.95mm and 22g 0.711mm - used for the outer panel construction(skin panels, doors , bonnet , boot lid , roof , wing panels).

55. Console design-dashboard pod
The dashboard pod is a binnacle that sits on top of the dashboard and is ideal for mounting a radio, extension speaker etc. It is a small version of the instrument pod that houses the speedometer which comes standard in all vehicles. Our dash pods are finished in a vinyl that matches the dashboard crash pad. Most crash pads have a vacuum formed finish. Many of our dash pods are vacuum formed and are an exact colour and grain match.

56. Console design-half length Centre floor console
Available for all transmission types, column shift, manual floor shift, and automatic floor shift. Suitable for bucket seats. This design sits neatly under the dashboard and supplies as much flat facia as possible.

57. Console design- full length Centre floor console
Available for all transmission types, column shift, manual floor shift, and automatic floor shift. Suitable for bucket seats only. This design supplies as much flat facia as possible. It comes complete with a storage bin and a hinged lid that forms a padded armrest. The storage bin is upholstered on the inside and includes a removable lining that is held in place by Velcro tape. This console is also available for vehicles with a handbrake between the bucket seats. The T-bar auto consoles are designed to house the genuine selector cover plate. The selector cover plate is not supplied with the console.

58. The inside of the storage bin is fully lined and comes complete with a removable velcro mounted vinyl bag. The lid/armrest is attached to a heavy duty steel hinge and is held in the open position by a black webbing retaining strap.

59. Console design- Centre floor compartment
This console is the same as the back section of the full length centre floor console. Suitable for bucket seats only.
It comes complete with a storage bin and a hinged lid that forms a padded armrest.
The storage bin is upholstered on the inside and includes a removable lining that is held in place by Velcro tape.
Centre compartments are also available for vehicles with a handbrake between the bucket seats. The photos show the most common designs of centre floor compartment (i.e. plain or with tray.)
However, there are a large variety of individual designs for particular models. A radio can be mounted into most centre compartments inside the storage bin or in a separate facia panel. If we don't have a pattern for a centre compartment for your vehicle we can make one with a flat base by using your measurements. This only applies to vehicles without a handbrake between the seats.

60. Console design-"L" Shaped Floor Tray and "U" Shaped Floor Tray
This console mounts on the transmission tunnel, fitting around the gear lever and transfer lever. It consists of two or three open storage trays.

61. VEHICLE INTERIOR SYSTEMS
VEHICLE DASHBOARD
A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel, or fascia) is a control panel placed in front of the driver of an automobile, housing instrumentation and controls for operation of the vehicle.